Page Not Found

Page not found. Your pixels are in another canvas.

Eric Weisbrod

About me

Archive Layout with Content

A variety of common markup showing how the theme styles them.

Header one

Header two

Header three

Header four

Header five

Header six

Blockquotes

Single line blockquote:

Quotes are cool.

Tables

Definition Lists

Definition List Title

Definition list division.

Startup

A startup company or startup is a company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model.

#dowork

Coined by Rob Dyrdek and his personal body guard Christopher “Big Black” Boykins, “Do Work” works as a self motivator, to motivating your friends.

Do It Live

I’ll let Bill O’Reilly explain this one.

Unordered Lists (Nested)

• List item one
  • List item one
    • List item one
    • List item two
    • List item three
    • List item four
  • List item two
  • List item three
  • List item four
• List item two
• List item three
• List item four

Ordered List (Nested)

1. List item one
   1. List item one
      1. List item one
      2. List item two
      3. List item three
      4. List item four
   2. List item two
   3. List item three
   4. List item four
2. List item two
3. List item three
4. List item four

Buttons

Make any link standout more when applying the .btn class.

Notices

Watch out! You can also add notices by appending {: .notice} to a paragraph.

HTML Tags

Address Tag

Anchor Tag (aka. Link)

This is an example of a link.

Abbreviation Tag

The abbreviation CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.

Cite Tag

“Code is poetry.” —Automattic

Code Tag

You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word; will be your best friend.

Strike Tag

This tag will let you strikeout text.

Emphasize Tag

The emphasize tag should italicize text.

Insert Tag

This tag should denote inserted text.

Keyboard Tag

This scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the <code> tag.

Preformatted Tag

This tag styles large blocks of code.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Quote Tag

Developers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer

Strong Tag

This tag shows bold text.

Subscript Tag

Getting our science styling on with H₂O, which should push the “2” down.

Superscript Tag

Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton’s E = MC², which should lift the 2 up.

Variable Tag

This allows you to denote variables.

{% include base_path %} {% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Posts by Category

{% include base_path %} {% include group-by-array collection=site.posts field=”categories” %}

{% for category in group_names %} {% assign posts = group_items[forloop.index0] %}

{{ category }}

{% for post in posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

Posts by Collection

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_label %}’None’{% endcapture %}

{% for collection in site.collections %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% capture label %}{{ collection.label }}{% endcapture %} {% if label != written_label %} <h2 id="{{ label | slugify }}" class="archive__subtitle">{{ label }}</h2> {% capture written_label %}{{ label }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% endunless %} {% for post in collection.docs %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endunless %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

CV

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_label %}’None’{% endcapture %}

Download the latest version of my CV here.

/*

• Minimal Mistakes Jekyll Theme *
• • Michael Rose
• • mademistakes.com
• • https://twitter.com/mmistakes * */

@import “vendor/breakpoint/breakpoint”; // media query mixins @import “variables”; @import “mixins”; @import “vendor/susy/susy”;

@import “reset”; @import “base”;

@import “utilities”; @import “animations”; @import “tables”; @import “buttons”; @import “notices”; @import “masthead”; @import “navigation”; @import “footer”; @import “syntax”;

@import “forms”;

@import “page”; @import “archive”; @import “sidebar”;

@import “vendor/font-awesome/fontawesome”; @import “vendor/font-awesome/solid”; @import “vendor/font-awesome/brands”; @import “vendor/magnific-popup/magnific-popup”; @import “print”;

Markdown

Locations of key files/directories

• Basic config options: _config.yml
• Top navigation bar config: _data/navigation.yml
• Single pages: _pages/
• Collections of pages are .md or .html files in:
  • _publications/
  • _portfolio/
  • _posts/
  • _teaching/
  • _talks/
• Footer: _includes/footer.html
• Static files (like PDFs): /files/
• Profile image (can set in _config.yml): images/profile.png

Tips and hints

• Name a file “.md” to have it render in markdown, name it “.html” to render in HTML.
• Go to the commit list (on your repo) to find the last version Github built with Jekyll.
  • Green check: successful build
  • Orange circle: building
  • Red X: error
  • No icon: not built

Resources

• Liquid syntax guide

Markdown guide

Header three

Header four

Header five

Header six

Blockquotes

Single line blockquote:

Quotes are cool.

Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Definition Lists

Definition List Title

Definition list division.

Startup

A startup company or startup is a company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model.

#dowork

Coined by Rob Dyrdek and his personal body guard Christopher “Big Black” Boykins, “Do Work” works as a self motivator, to motivating your friends.

Do It Live

I’ll let Bill O’Reilly explain this one.

Unordered Lists (Nested)

• List item one
  • List item one
    • List item one
    • List item two
    • List item three
    • List item four
  • List item two
  • List item three
  • List item four
• List item two
• List item three
• List item four

Ordered List (Nested)

1. List item one
   1. List item one
      1. List item one
      2. List item two
      3. List item three
      4. List item four
   2. List item two
   3. List item three
   4. List item four
2. List item two
3. List item three
4. List item four

Buttons

Make any link standout more when applying the .btn class.

Notices

Watch out! You can also add notices by appending {: .notice} to a paragraph.

HTML Tags

Address Tag

Anchor Tag (aka. Link)

This is an example of a link.

Abbreviation Tag

The abbreviation CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.

Cite Tag

“Code is poetry.” —Automattic

Code Tag

You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word; will be your best friend.

Strike Tag

This tag will let you strikeout text.

Emphasize Tag

The emphasize tag should italicize text.

Insert Tag

This tag should denote inserted text.

Keyboard Tag

This scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the <code> tag.

Preformatted Tag

This tag styles large blocks of code.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Quote Tag

Developers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer

Strong Tag

This tag shows bold text.

Subscript Tag

Getting our science styling on with H₂O, which should push the “2” down.

Superscript Tag

Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton’s E = MC², which should lift the 2 up.

Variable Tag

This allows you to denote variables.

Page not in menu

This is a page not in th emain menu

Page Archive

{% include base_path %} {% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Portfolio

{% include base_path %}

{% for post in site.portfolio %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Publications

{% if site.author.googlescholar %} You can also find my articles on my Google Scholar profile. {% endif %}

{% include base_path %}

{% if site.publication_category %} {% for category in site.publication_category %} {% assign title_shown = false %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% if post.category != category[0] %} {% continue %} {% endif %} {% unless title_shown %} <h2>{{ category[1].title }}</h2><hr /> {% assign title_shown = true %} {% endunless %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %} {% else %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endif %}

Sitemap

{% include base_path %}

A list of all the posts and pages found on the site. For you robots out there is an XML version available for digesting as well.

Pages

{% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Posts

{% for post in site.posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% capture written_label %}’None’{% endcapture %}

{% for collection in site.collections %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% capture label %}{{ collection.label }}{% endcapture %} {% if label != written_label %}

{{ label }}

{% capture written_label %}{{ label }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% endunless %} {% for post in collection.docs %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endunless %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

Posts by Tags

{% include base_path %} {% include group-by-array collection=site.posts field=”tags” %}

{% for tag in group_names %} {% assign posts = group_items[forloop.index0] %}

{{ tag }}

{% for post in posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

Talk map

This map is generated from a Jupyter Notebook file in /_talks/talkmap.ipynb, which mines the location fields in the .md files in _talks/.

Talks and presentations

{% if site.talkmap_link == true %}

See a map of all the places I've given a talk!

{% endif %}

{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk.html %} {% endfor %}

Teaching

{% include base_path %}

{% for post in site.teaching reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Terms and Privacy Policy

{% include base_path %} {% include toc %}

Privacy Policy

The privacy of my visitors is extremely important. This Privacy Policy outlines the types of personal information that is received and collected and how it is used.

First and foremost, I will never share your email address or any other personal information to anyone without your direct consent.

Log Files

Like many other websites, this site uses log files to help learn about when, from where, and how often traffic flows to this site. The information in these log files include:

• Internet Protocol addresses (IP)
• Types of browser
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Date and time stamp
• Referring and exit pages
• Number of clicks

All of this information is not linked to anything that is personally identifiable.

Cookies and Web Beacons

When you visit this site “convenience” cookies are stored on your computer when you submit a comment to help you log in faster to Disqus the next time you leave a comment.

Third-party advertisers may also place and read cookies on your browser and/or use web beacons to collect information. This site has no access or control over these cookies. You should review the respective privacy policies on any and all third-party ad servers for more information regarding their practices and how to opt-out.

If you wish to disable cookies, you may do so through your web browser options. Instructions for doing so can be found on the specific web browsers’ websites.

Google Analytics

Google Analytics is a web analytics tool I use to help understand how visitors engage with this website. It reports website trends using cookies and web beacons without identifying individual visitors. You can read Google Analytics Privacy Policy.

Blog posts

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_year %}’None’{% endcapture %} {% for post in site.posts %} {% capture year %}{{ post.date | date: ‘%Y’ }}{% endcapture %} {% if year != written_year %} <h2 id="{{ year | slugify }}" class="archive__subtitle">{{ year }}</h2> {% capture written_year %}{{ year }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

@import “jekyll-theme-primer”;

{“/about/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/”,”/about.html”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/”,”/wordpress/cv/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/cv/”,”/md/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/markdown/”,”/markdown.html”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/markdown/”,”/nmp/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/non-menu-page/”,”/nmp.html”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/non-menu-page/”,”/wordpress/blog-posts/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/year-archive/”}

Jupyter notebook markdown generator

Jupyter notebook markdown generator

These .ipynb files are Jupyter notebook files that convert a TSV containing structured data about talks (talks.tsv) or presentations (presentations.tsv) into individual markdown files that will be properly formatted for the academicpages template. The notebooks contain a lot of documentation about the process. The .py files are pure python that do the same things if they are executed in a terminal, they just don’t have pretty documentation.

<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> {% if page.xsl %}<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/xsl” href=”{{ “/sitemap.xsl” | absolute_url }}”?> {% endif %} {% assign collections = site.collections | where_exp:'collection','collection.output != false' %}{% for collection in collections %}{% assign docs = collection.docs | where_exp:'doc','doc.sitemap != false' %}{% for doc in docs %}

{% if doc.last_modified_at or doc.date %}{{ doc.last_modified_at | default: doc.date | date_to_xmlschema }} {% endif %}</url> {% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% assign pages = site.html_pages | where_exp:’doc’,’doc.sitemap != false’ | where_exp:’doc’,’doc.url != “/404.html”’ %}{% for page in pages %}

{% if page.last_modified_at %}{{ page.last_modified_at | date_to_xmlschema }} {% endif %}</url> {% endfor %}{% assign static_files = page.static_files | where_exp:’page’,’page.sitemap != false’ | where_exp:’page’,’page.name != “404.html”’ %}{% for file in static_files %}

</url> {% endfor %}</urlset>

Portfolio item number 1

Short description of portfolio item number 1

Portfolio item number 2

Short description of portfolio item number 2

The role of affect and tolerance of ambiguity in ethical decision making

Published in Advances in Accounting, 2009

Abstract:

This research note extends the research on ethical decision making in accounting by examining the effect of two variables, affect and tolerance of ambiguity, on ethics-related decisions made in two contexts: both personal and organizational settings. I conduct an experimental study among undergraduate accounting students and find that tolerance of ambiguity significantly influences ethical decisions in both personal and organizational settings. The results also reveal a significant interactive effect between negative affect and tolerance of ambiguity.

Recommended citation:

Weisbrod, E., 2009. The role of affect and tolerance of ambiguity in ethical decision making. Advances in Accounting, 25(1), pp.57-63.

Download here

The Information Content of Tax Expense for Firms Reporting Losses

Published in Journal of Accounting Research, 2013

Abstract: We investigate whether management’s decision regarding the recognition of the valuation allowance (VA) for deferred tax assets provides incremental information about the persistence of accounting losses. We introduce a classification scheme that assigns loss firm-years into three categories based on whether management appears to have recognized a material change in the VA, and whether or not the firm has positive taxable income (e.g., a net operating loss). The results of our study show that our tax categories contain information about the persistence of accounting losses over the following three years beyond variables previously identified to predict loss persistence. This incremental information is consistent with management using private information about the firm’s future prospects in setting the VA. Finally, we find that investors’ pricing of the VA varies with the saliency of the tax signal and the information environment of the firm.

Recommended citation: DHALIWAL, D.S., KAPLAN, S.E., LAUX, R.C. and WEISBROD, E. (2013), The Information Content of Tax Expense for Firms Reporting Losses. Journal of Accounting Research, 51: 135-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2012.00466.x

Download here

Determinants and Consequences of Information Processing Delay: Evidence from Thomson Reuters’ Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System

Published in Journal of Financial Economics, 2018

Abstract: We present new evidence that highlights the role of information intermediaries in the distribution and processing of earnings estimates in capital markets. We find that the time taken to activate an analyst’s earnings forecast in the Thomson Reuters Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System is related to measures of investor demand for timely information processing, processing difficulty, and limited attention. Furthermore, we find that forecast announcement returns are muted and post-announcement drift is magnified for forecasts with longer unexpected activation delay and that market inefficiency is concentrated in neglected stocks and potentially exploitable. Finally, analyzing intraday returns, we find that activations facilitate price discovery.

Recommended citation:

Akbas, F., S. Markov, M. Subasi, and E. Weisbrod, 2018. Determinants and Consequences of Information Processing Delay: Evidence from Thomson Reuters’ Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System. Journal of Financial Economics, 127: 366-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.11.005

Download here

Joint Audit Engagements and Client Tax Avoidance: Evidence from the Italian Statutory Audit Regime

Published in Journal of the American Taxation Association, 2019

Abstract: Under the Italian statutory audit regime, three individual accountants are jointly appointed to audit each client’s annual financial statements and sign off on the tax return. These individuals can belong to the same or different accounting firms and through multiple and repeated collaborations they form a professional network. We use network measures of centrality to capture individuals’ ability to acquire and apply tax expertise across clients. We demonstrate that clients engaging better-connected individual auditors have comparatively lower effective tax rates. Our results are robust to controlling for a number of client, individual, and accounting firm characteristics, as well as for alternative network connections between clients. We also use instrumental variables, individual fixed effects, and matching to mitigate the effect of endogenous pairing of clients and auditors. Our findings demonstrate that in a joint audit environment, individual auditor professional networks have consequences for tax outcomes.

Recommended citation:

Pietro A. Bianchi, Diana Falsetta, Miguel Minutti-Meza, Eric Weisbrod; Joint Audit Engagements and Client Tax Avoidance: Evidence from the Italian Statutory Audit Regime. Journal of the American Taxation Association 1 March 2019; 41 (1): 31–58. https://doi.org/10.2308/atax-52151

Download here

Stockholders’ Unrealized Returns and the Market Reaction to Financial Disclosures

Published in Journal of Finance, 2019

Abstract:

Using both investor- and stock-level data, I examine the relation between stockholders’ unrealized returns since purchase and the market response to earnings announcements. I demonstrate that stockholders’ unrealized gain/loss position moderates their trading behavior in response to earnings announcements. I also find that this behavior generates a short-window return underreaction to earnings news. My results are generally consistent with predictions from prospect theory regarding the manner in which stockholders’ unrealized returns moderate their trading response to belief shocks. However, my results also suggest that an emotional component (i.e., regret-avoidance/pride-seeking) is necessary to explain the observed investor behavior.

Recommended citation:

WEISBROD, E. (2019), Stockholders’ Unrealized Returns and the Market Reaction to Financial Disclosures. The Journal of Finance, 74: 899-942. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12743

Download here

The Roles of Data Providers and Analysts in the Production, Dissemination, and Pricing of Street Earnings

Published in Journal of Accounting Research, 2022

Abstract:

In September 2009, Thomson Reuters (TR) discontinued its practice of relying on analysts to determine the treatment of unexpected charges and gains in favor of their immediate exclusion from GAAP earnings. Adopting a difference-in-differences approach, we show that this plausibly exogenous change in TR’s methodology resulted in street earnings that are more predictive of future performance; and timelier, more accurate, and less dispersed analyst forecasts of future earnings, consistent with TR enhancing the properties of street earnings and analyst forecasts. Finally, using path analysis we show that a significant portion of TR’s effect on price discovery is through its effect on analysts; and that the change in TR’s treatment of unexpected items increased (decreased) the relative influence of TR (analysts) on the pricing of street earnings. We conclude that forecast data providers like TR are more than a conduit of information from analysts to investors.

Recommended citation:

BOCHKAY, K., MARKOV, S., SUBASI, M. and WEISBROD, E. (2022), The Roles of Data Providers and Analysts in the Production, Dissemination, and Pricing of Street Earnings. Journal of Accounting Research, 60: 1695-1740. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12457

Download here

Forecasting Earnings Using k-Nearest Neighbors

Published in The Accounting Review, 2024

Abstract:

We use a simple k-nearest neighbors algorithm (hereafter, k-NN) to forecast earnings. k-NN forecasts of one-, two-, and three-year-ahead earnings are more accurate than those generated by popular extant forecasting approaches. k-NN* forecasts of two- and three-year (one-year)-ahead EPS and aggregate three-year EPS are more (less) accurate than those generated by analysts. The association between the unexpected earnings implied by k-NN* and the contemporaneous market-adjusted return (i.e., the earnings association coefficient (EAC)) is positive and exceeds the EAC on unexpected earnings implied by alternate approaches. A trading strategy that is long (short) firms for which k-NN* predicts positive (negative) earnings growth earns positive risk-adjusted returns that exceed those earned by similar trading strategies that are based on alternate forecasts. The k-NN* algorithm generates an empirically reliable ex ante indicator of forecast accuracy that identifies situations when the k-NN* EAC is larger and the k-NN* trading strategy is more profitable.

Recommended citation:

Peter D. Easton, Martin M. Kapons, Steven J. Monahan, Harm H. Schütt, Eric H. Weisbrod; Forecasting Earnings Using k-Nearest Neighbors. The Accounting Review 1 May 2024; 99 (3): 115–140. https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2021-0478

Download here

Talk 1 on Relevant Topic in Your Field

Published: March 01, 2012

This is a description of your talk, which is a markdown files that can be all markdown-ified like any other post. Yay markdown!

Tutorial 1 on Relevant Topic in Your Field

Published: March 01, 2013

More information here

Talk 2 on Relevant Topic in Your Field

Published: February 01, 2014

More information here

Conference Proceeding talk 3 on Relevant Topic in Your Field

Published: March 01, 2014

This is a description of your conference proceedings talk, note the different field in type. You can put anything in this field.

Teaching experience 1

Undergraduate course, University 1, Department, 2014

This is a description of a teaching experience. You can use markdown like any other post.

Teaching experience 2

Workshop, University 1, Department, 2015

This is a description of a teaching experience. You can use markdown like any other post.

Page Not Found

Page not found. Your pixels are in another canvas.

Eric Weisbrod

About me

Archive Layout with Content

A variety of common markup showing how the theme styles them.

Header one

Header two

Header three

Header four

Header five

Header six

Blockquotes

Single line blockquote:

Quotes are cool.

Tables

Definition Lists

Definition List Title

Definition list division.

Startup

A startup company or startup is a company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model.

#dowork

Coined by Rob Dyrdek and his personal body guard Christopher “Big Black” Boykins, “Do Work” works as a self motivator, to motivating your friends.

Do It Live

I’ll let Bill O’Reilly explain this one.

Unordered Lists (Nested)

• List item one
  • List item one
    • List item one
    • List item two
    • List item three
    • List item four
  • List item two
  • List item three
  • List item four
• List item two
• List item three
• List item four

Ordered List (Nested)

1. List item one
   1. List item one
      1. List item one
      2. List item two
      3. List item three
      4. List item four
   2. List item two
   3. List item three
   4. List item four
2. List item two
3. List item three
4. List item four

Buttons

Make any link standout more when applying the .btn class.

Notices

Watch out! You can also add notices by appending {: .notice} to a paragraph.

HTML Tags

Address Tag

Anchor Tag (aka. Link)

This is an example of a link.

Abbreviation Tag

The abbreviation CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.

Cite Tag

“Code is poetry.” —Automattic

Code Tag

You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word; will be your best friend.

Strike Tag

This tag will let you strikeout text.

Emphasize Tag

The emphasize tag should italicize text.

Insert Tag

This tag should denote inserted text.

Keyboard Tag

This scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the <code> tag.

Preformatted Tag

This tag styles large blocks of code.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Quote Tag

Developers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer

Strong Tag

This tag shows bold text.

Subscript Tag

Getting our science styling on with H₂O, which should push the “2” down.

Superscript Tag

Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton’s E = MC², which should lift the 2 up.

Variable Tag

This allows you to denote variables.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Posts by Category

Posts by Collection

  <h2 id="portfolio" class="archive__subtitle">portfolio</h2>

  <h2 id="publications" class="archive__subtitle">publications</h2>

  <h2 id="talks" class="archive__subtitle">talks</h2>

  <h2 id="teaching" class="archive__subtitle">teaching</h2>

CV

Download the latest version of my CV here.

a:focus{outline:thin dotted #f89406;outline:5px auto #f89406;outline-offset:-2px},:before,:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}html{box-sizing:border-box;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%}@media (min-width: 48em){html{font-size:18px}}body{margin:0}::-moz-selection{color:#fff;background:#000}::selection{color:#fff;background:#000}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section{display:block}audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block;display:inline;zoom:1}audio:not([controls]){display:none}a{color:#52adc8}a:hover,a:active{outline:0}sub,sup{position:relative;font-size:75%;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline}sup{top:-0.5em}sub{bottom:-0.25em}img{max-width:100%;width:auto\9;height:auto;vertical-align:middle;border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}#map_canvas img,.google-maps img{max-width:none}button,input,select,textarea{margin:0;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{overflow:visible;line-height:normal}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button,html input[type=”button”],input[type=”reset”],input[type=”submit”]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer}label,select,button,input[type=”button”],input[type=”reset”],input[type=”submit”],input[type=”radio”],input[type=”checkbox”]{cursor:pointer}input[type=”search”]{box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-appearance:textfield}input[type=”search”]::-webkit-search-decoration,input[type=”search”]::-webkit-search-cancel-button{-webkit-appearance:none}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top}html{position:relative;min-height:100%}body{margin:0;padding:0;padding-bottom:9em;color:#494e52;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.5}body.overflow–hidden{overflow:hidden}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin:2em 0 0.5em;line-height:1.2;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}h1{margin-top:0;font-size:1.563em}h2{font-size:1.25em}h3{font-size:1em}h4{font-size:.75em}h5{font-size:.75em}h6{font-size:.75em}small,.small{font-size:.75em}p{margin-bottom:1.3em}u,ins{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #494e52}u a,ins a{color:inherit}del a{color:inherit}p,pre,blockquote,ul,ol,dl,figure,table,fieldset{orphans:3;widows:3}abbr[title],abbr[data-original-title]{text-decoration:none;cursor:help;border-bottom:1px dotted #494e52}blockquote{margin:2em 1em 2em 0;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;font-style:italic;border-left:0.25em solid #7a8288}blockquote cite{font-style:italic}blockquote cite:before{content:”\2014”;padding-right:5px}a:hover,a:active{outline:0}tt,code,kbd,samp,pre{font-family:Monaco,Consolas,”Lucida Console”,monospace}pre{overflow-x:auto}p>code,a>code,li>code,figcaption>code,td>code{padding-top:0.1rem;padding-bottom:0.1rem;font-size:.75em;background:#fafafa;border:1px solid #f2f3f3;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.125)}p>code:before,p>code:after,a>code:before,a>code:after,li>code:before,li>code:after,figcaption>code:before,figcaption>code:after,td>code:before,td>code:after{letter-spacing:-0.2em;content:”\00a0”}hr{display:block;margin:1em 0;border:0;border-top:1px solid #f2f3f3}ul li,ol li{margin-bottom:0.5em}li ul,li ol{margin-top:0.5em}figure{display:-webkit-box;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-box-align:start;align-items:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:2em 0}figure img,figure iframe,figure .fluid-width-video-wrapper{margin-bottom:1em}figure img{width:100%;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out}figure>a{display:block}@media (min-width: 37.5em){figure.half>a,figure.half>img{width:calc(50% - 0.5em)}}figure.half figcaption{width:100%}@media (min-width: 37.5em){figure.third>a,figure.third>img{width:calc(33.3333% - 0.5em)}}figure.third figcaption{width:100%}figcaption{margin-bottom:0.5em;color:#777a7d;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:.75em}figcaption a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #bdc1c4;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out}figcaption a:hover{color:#000;border-bottom-color:#000}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}nav ul{margin:0;padding:0}nav li{list-style:none}nav a{text-decoration:none}nav ul li,nav ol li{margin-bottom:0}nav li ul,nav li ol{margin-top:0}b,i,strong,em,blockquote,p,q,span,figure,img,h1,h2,header,input,a,tr,td,form button,input[type=”submit”],.btn,#goog-wm-sb,.highlight,.archive__item-teaser{-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out}.hidden{display:none;visibility:hidden}.load{display:none}.transparent{opacity:0}.visually-hidden,.screen-reader-text,.screen-reader-text span,.screen-reader-shortcut{position:absolute !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height:1px !important;width:1px !important;border:0 !important;overflow:hidden}body:hover .visually-hidden a,body:hover .visually-hidden input,body:hover .visually-hidden button{display:none !important}.screen-reader-text:focus,.screen-reader-shortcut:focus{clip:auto !important;height:auto !important;width:auto !important;display:block;font-size:1em;font-weight:bold;padding:15px 23px 14px;background:#fff;z-index:100000;text-decoration:none;box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.6)}.skip-link{position:fixed;z-index:20;margin:0;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;white-space:nowrap}.skip-link li{height:0;width:0;list-style:none}.text-left{text-align:left}.text-center{text-align:center}.text-right{text-align:right}.text-justify{text-align:justify}.text-nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.cf{clear:both}.wrapper{max-width:925px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wrapper:after{content:” “;display:block;clear:both}.align-left{display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media (min-width: 37.5em){.align-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}}.align-right{display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media (min-width: 37.5em){.align-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}.align-center{display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.full{margin-right:-19.4915254237% !important}}.icon{display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;width:1em;height:1.1em;line-height:1;position:relative;top:-0.1em;vertical-align:middle}.social-icons .fa{color:#000}.social-icons .fa-behance,.social-icons .fa-behance-square{color:#1769FF}.social-icons .fa-dribbble{color:#ea4c89}.social-icons .fa-facebook,.social-icons .fa-facebook-square{color:#3b5998}.social-icons .fa-flickr{color:#ff0084}.social-icons .fa-foursquare{color:#0072b1}.social-icons .fa-github,.social-icons .fa-github-alt,.social-icons .fa-github-square{color:#171516}.social-icons .fa-google-plus,.social-icons .fa-google-plus-square{color:#dd4b39}.social-icons .fa-instagram{color:#517fa4}.social-icons .fa-lastfm,.social-icons .fa-lastfm-square{color:#d51007}.social-icons .fa-linkedin,.social-icons .fa-linkedin-square{color:#007bb6}.social-icons .fa-pinterest,.social-icons .fa-pinterest-p,.social-icons .fa-pinterest-square{color:#cb2027}.social-icons .fa-rss,.social-icons .fa-rss-square{color:#fa9b39}.social-icons .fa-soundcloud{color:#f30}.social-icons .fa-stack-exchange,.social-icons .fa-stack-overflow{color:#fe7a15}.social-icons .fa-tumblr,.social-icons .fa-tumblr-square{color:#32506d}.social-icons .fa-twitter,.social-icons .fa-twitter-square{color:#55acee}.social-icons .fa-vimeo,.social-icons .fa-vimeo-square{color:#1ab7ea}.social-icons .fa-vine{color:#00bf8f}.social-icons .fa-youtube,.social-icons .fa-youtube-square,.social-icons .fa-youtube-play{color:#b00}.social-icons .fa-xing,.social-icons .fa-xing-square{color:#006567}.navicon{position:relative;width:28px;height:4px;background:#fff;margin:auto;-webkit-transition:0.3s;transition:0.3s}.navicon:before,.navicon:after{content:”“;position:absolute;left:0;width:28px;height:4px;background:#fff;-webkit-transition:0.3s;transition:0.3s}.navicon:before{top:-8px}.navicon:after{bottom:-8px}.close .navicon{background:transparent}.close .navicon:before,.close .navicon:after{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-ms-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;top:0;width:28px}.close .navicon:before{-webkit-transform:rotate3d(0, 0, 1, 45deg);transform:rotate3d(0, 0, 1, 45deg)}.close .navicon:after{-webkit-transform:rotate3d(0, 0, 1, -45deg);transform:rotate3d(0, 0, 1, -45deg)}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.sticky{clear:both;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:2em}.sticky::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}.sticky>{display:block}}.well{min-height:20px;padding:19px;margin-bottom:20px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05)}.show-modal{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.show-modal:before{position:absolute;content:”“;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:999;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.85)}.show-modal .modal{display:block}.modal{display:none;position:fixed;width:300px;top:50%;left:50%;margin-left:-150px;margin-top:-150px;min-height:0;z-index:9999;background:#fff;border:1px solid #f2f3f3;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.125)}.modal__title{margin:0;padding:0.5em 1em}.modal__supporting-text{padding:0 1em 0.5em 1em}.modal__actions{padding:0.5em 1em;border-top:1px solid #f2f3f3}.footnote{color:#9ba1a6;text-decoration:none}.footnotes{color:#9ba1a6}.footnotes ol,.footnotes li,.footnotes p{margin-bottom:0;font-size:.75em}a.reversefootnote{color:#7a8288;text-decoration:none}a.reversefootnote:hover{text-decoration:underline}.required{color:#ee5f5b;font-weight:bold}@-webkit-keyframes intro{0%{opacity:0}100%{opacity:1}}@keyframes intro{0%{opacity:0}100%{opacity:1}}table{margin-bottom:1em;width:100%;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #bdc1c4}table+table{margin-top:1em}thead{background-color:#f2f3f3;border-bottom:1px solid #bdc1c4}th{padding:0.5em;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;border-right:1px solid #bdc1c4}td{padding:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #bdc1c4;border-right:1px solid #bdc1c4}tr,td,th{vertical-align:middle}.btn,#goog-wm-sb{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:0.25em;padding:0.5em 1em;color:#fff !important;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;background-color:#7a8288;border:0 !important;border-radius:4px;cursor:pointer}.btn:hover,#goog-wm-sb:hover{background-color:#333}.btn .icon,#goog-wm-sb .icon{margin-right:0.5em}.btn .icon+.hidden,#goog-wm-sb .icon+.hidden{margin-left:-0.5em}.btn–block{display:block;width:100%}.btn–block+.btn–block{margin-top:0.25em}.btn–inverse{color:#7a8288 !important;border:1px solid #bdc1c4 !important;background-color:#fff}.btn–inverse:hover{color:#fff !important;border-color:#7a8288}.btn–light-outline{border:1px solid #fff !important;background-color:transparent}.btn–info{background-color:#52adc8}.btn–info:hover{background-color:#428aa0}.btn–warning{background-color:#f89406}.btn–warning:hover{background-color:#c67605}.btn–success{background-color:#62c462}.btn–success:hover{background-color:#4e9d4e}.btn–danger{background-color:#ee5f5b}.btn–danger:hover{background-color:#be4c49}.btn–disabled{pointer-events:none;cursor:not-allowed;filter:alpha(opacity=65);box-shadow:none;opacity:0.65}.btn–facebook{background-color:#3b5998}.btn–facebook:hover{background-color:#2f477a}.btn–twitter{background-color:#55acee}.btn–twitter:hover{background-color:#448abe}.btn–google-plus{background-color:#dd4b39}.btn–google-plus:hover{background-color:#b13c2e}.btn–linkedin{background-color:#007bb6}.btn–linkedin:hover{background-color:#006292}.btn–x-large{font-size:1.25em}.btn–large{font-size:1em}.btn–small{font-size:.6875em}.notice{margin:2em 0 !important;padding:1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em !important;text-indent:initial;background-color:#f8f9f9;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(189,193,196,0.25)}.notice h4{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0.75em}.page__content .notice h4{margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em}.notice p:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}.notice h4+p{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.notice a{color:#bdc1c4}.notice a:hover{color:#717476}.notice code{background-color:#fcfcfc}.notice ul:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.notice–primary{margin:2em 0 !important;padding:1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em !important;text-indent:initial;background-color:#f2f3f3;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(122,130,136,0.25)}.notice–primary h4{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0.75em}.page__content .notice–primary h4{margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em}.notice–primary p:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}.notice–primary h4+p{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.notice–primary a{color:#7a8288}.notice–primary a:hover{color:#494e52}.notice–primary code{background-color:#f8f9f9}.notice–primary ul:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.notice–info{margin:2em 0 !important;padding:1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em !important;text-indent:initial;background-color:#eef7fa;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(82,173,200,0.25)}.notice–info h4{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0.75em}.page__content .notice–info h4{margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em}.notice–info p:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}.notice–info h4+p{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.notice–info a{color:#52adc8}.notice–info a:hover{color:#316878}.notice–info code{background-color:#f6fbfc}.notice–info ul:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.notice–warning{margin:2em 0 !important;padding:1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em !important;text-indent:initial;background-color:#fef4e6;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(248,148,6,0.25)}.notice–warning h4{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0.75em}.page__content .notice–warning h4{margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em}.notice–warning p:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}.notice–warning h4+p{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.notice–warning a{color:#f89406}.notice–warning a:hover{color:#955904}.notice–warning code{background-color:#fffaf3}.notice–warning ul:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.notice–success{margin:2em 0 !important;padding:1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em !important;text-indent:initial;background-color:#eff9ef;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(98,196,98,0.25)}.notice–success h4{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0.75em}.page__content .notice–success h4{margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em}.notice–success p:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}.notice–success h4+p{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.notice–success a{color:#62c462}.notice–success a:hover{color:#3b763b}.notice–success code{background-color:#f7fcf7}.notice–success ul:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.notice–danger{margin:2em 0 !important;padding:1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em !important;text-indent:initial;background-color:#fdefef;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(238,95,91,0.25)}.notice–danger h4{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0.75em}.page__content .notice–danger h4{margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em}.notice–danger p:last-child{margin-bottom:0 !important}.notice–danger h4+p{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.notice–danger a{color:#ee5f5b}.notice–danger a:hover{color:#8f3937}.notice–danger code{background-color:#fef7f7}.notice–danger ul:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.masthead{position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f3f3;-webkit-animation:intro 0.3s both;animation:intro 0.3s both;-webkit-animation-delay:0.15s;animation-delay:0.15s;z-index:20}.masthead__inner-wrap{max-width:925px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;clear:both;padding:1em 1em 1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif}.masthead__inner-wrap:after{content:” “;display:block;clear:both}.masthead__inner-wrap::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}@media (min-width: 80em){.masthead__inner-wrap{max-width:1280px}}.masthead__inner-wrap nav{z-index:10}.masthead__inner-wrap a{text-decoration:none}.masthead__menu ul{margin:0;padding:0;clear:both;list-style-type:none}.masthead__menu-item{display:block;list-style-type:none;white-space:nowrap}.masthead__menu-item–lg{padding-right:2em;font-weight:700}.breadcrumbs{max-width:925px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;clear:both;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:2em;padding-right:2em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;-webkit-animation:intro 0.3s both;animation:intro 0.3s both;-webkit-animation-delay:0.30s;animation-delay:0.30s}.breadcrumbs:after{content:” “;display:block;clear:both}.breadcrumbs::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.breadcrumbs{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}}@media (min-width: 80em){.breadcrumbs{max-width:1280px}}.breadcrumbs ol{padding:0;list-style:none;font-size:.75em}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.breadcrumbs ol{width:83.0508474576%;float:right;margin-right:0}}@media (min-width: 80em){.breadcrumbs ol{padding-left:4.2372881356%}}.breadcrumbs li{display:inline}.breadcrumbs .current{font-weight:bold}.pagination{clear:both;width:100%;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;clear:both;margin-top:1em;padding-top:1em}.pagination::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}.pagination ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif}.pagination li{display:block;float:left;margin-left:-1px}.pagination li a{margin-bottom:0.25em;padding:0.5em 1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;color:#9ba1a6;border:1px solid #bdc1c4;border-radius:0}.pagination li a:hover{color:#3e8296}.pagination li a.current{color:#fff;background:#7a8288}.pagination li a.disabled{color:#dee0e1;pointer-events:none;cursor:not-allowed}.pagination li:first-child{margin-left:0}.pagination li:first-child a{border-top-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px}.pagination li:last-child a{border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px}.pagination–pager{display:block;padding:1em 2em;float:left;width:50%;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;color:#bdc1c4;border:1px solid #bdc1c4;border-radius:4px}.pagination–pager:hover{color:#3e8296}.pagination–pager:first-child{border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.pagination–pager:last-child{margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.pagination–pager.disabled{color:#dee0e1;pointer-events:none;cursor:not-allowed}.page__content+.pagination,.page__meta+.pagination,.comment__date+.pagination,.page__share+.pagination,.page__comments+.pagination{margin-top:2em;padding-top:2em;border-top:1px solid #f2f3f3}.greedy-nav{position:relative;min-width:250px;background:#fff}.greedy-nav a{display:block;margin:0 1rem;padding:0.5rem 0;color:#7a8288;text-decoration:none}.greedy-nav a:hover{color:#5c6266}.greedy-nav button{position:absolute;height:100%;right:0;padding:0 0.5rem;border:0;outline:none;background-color:#7a8288;color:#fff;cursor:pointer}.greedy-nav .visible-links{display:table}.greedy-nav .visible-links li{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.greedy-nav .visible-links li:first-child{font-weight:bold}.greedy-nav .visible-links li:first-child a{margin-left:0}.greedy-nav .visible-links li:last-child a{margin-right:0}.greedy-nav .visible-links a{position:relative}.greedy-nav .visible-links a:before{content:”“;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;height:4px;background:#bdc1c4;width:100%;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;-webkit-transform:scaleX(0);-ms-transform:scaleX(0);transform:scaleX(0)}.greedy-nav .visible-links a:hover:before{-webkit-transform:scaleX(1);-ms-transform:scaleX(1);transform:scaleX(1)}.greedy-nav .hidden-links{position:absolute;top:100%;right:0;margin-top:15px;padding:5px;border:1px solid #f2f3f3;border-radius:4px;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.greedy-nav .hidden-links a{margin:0;padding:10px 20px;font-size:1em}.greedy-nav .hidden-links a:hover{color:#5c6266;background:#dee0e1}.greedy-nav .hidden-links:before{content:”“;position:absolute;top:-11px;right:10px;width:0;border-style:solid;border-width:0 10px 10px;border-color:#f2f3f3 transparent;display:block;z-index:0}.greedy-nav .hidden-links:after{content:”“;position:absolute;top:-10px;right:10px;width:0;border-style:solid;border-width:0 10px 10px;border-color:#fff transparent;display:block;z-index:1}.greedy-nav .hidden-links li{display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f3f3}.greedy-nav .hidden-links li:last-child{border-bottom:none}.nav__list{font-size:1.25rem}.nav__list ul{margin-bottom:1em}.nav__list a{display:block;padding:0.125em 0;color:inherit}.nav__list a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.nav__list .active{margin-left:-0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;background:#7a8288;border-radius:4px}.nav__list .active:hover{color:#fff}.nav__title{margin:0;padding:0.5rem 1rem;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1em;font-weight:bold}.nav__sub-title{display:block;margin:0.5rem 0;padding:0.5rem 0;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f3f3}.toc{font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;color:#7a8288;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #f2f3f3;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.125)}.toc .nav__title{color:#fff;font-size:.75em;background:#7a8288;border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px}.toc__menu{margin:0;padding:0;width:100%;list-style:none;font-size:0.8rem}.toc__menu a{display:block;padding:0.5rem 1rem;color:#7a8288;font-size:.6875em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f3f3}.toc__menu a:hover{color:#000;background:#f2f3f3}.toc__menu>li:last-child a{border-bottom:none}.toc__menu li ul>li a{padding-left:2rem;font-weight:normal}.toc__menu li>ul li{display:none}@media (min-width: 48em){.toc__menu li>ul li{display:block}}.page__footer{clear:both;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;clear:both;position:absolute;bottom:0em;height:auto;margin-top:3em;color:#9ba1a6;-webkit-animation:intro 0.3s both;animation:intro 0.3s both;-webkit-animation-delay:0.45s;animation-delay:0.45s;background-color:#f2f3f3;border-top:1px solid #bdc1c4}.page__footer::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}.page__footer footer{clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:2em;max-width:100%;padding:0 1em 2em}.page__footer footer::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}@media (min-width: 80em){.page__footer footer{max-width:1280px}}.page__footer a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.page__footer a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.page__footer .fas,.page__footer .fab,.page__footer .far,.page__footer .fal{color:#9ba1a6}.page__footer-copyright{font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.6875em}.page__footer-follow ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none}.page__footer-follow li{display:inline-block;padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em;text-transform:uppercase}.page__footer-follow li+li:before{content:”“;padding-right:5px}.page__footer-follow a{padding-right:10px;font-weight:bold}.page__footer-follow .social-icons a{white-space:nowrap}div.highlighter-rouge,figure.highlight{position:relative;margin-bottom:1em;padding:1em;border:1px solid #f2f3f3;border-radius:4px;background-color:#fafafa;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.125)}div.highlighter-rouge:before,figure.highlight:before{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;padding:0.5em;background-color:#f2f3f3;content:”\f121”;font-family:”fontawesome” !important;font-size:.75em;line-height:1;text-transform:none;speak:none}div.highlighter-rouge .highlight,figure.highlight .highlight{margin:0;font-family:Monaco,Consolas,”Lucida Console”,monospace;font-size:.6875em;line-height:1.8}.highlight table td{padding:5px}.highlight table pre{margin:0}.highlight .c{color:#93a1a1}.highlight .err{color:#586e75}.highlight .g{color:#586e75}.highlight .k{color:#859900}.highlight .l{color:#586e75}.highlight .n{color:#586e75}.highlight .o{color:#859900}.highlight .x{color:#cb4b16}.highlight .p{color:#586e75}.highlight .cm{color:#93a1a1}.highlight .cp{color:#859900}.highlight .c1{color:#93a1a1}.highlight .cs{color:#859900}.highlight .gd{color:#2aa198}.highlight .ge{color:#586e75;font-style:italic}.highlight .gr{color:#dc322f}.highlight .gh{color:#cb4b16}.highlight .gi{color:#859900}.highlight .go{color:#586e75}.highlight .gp{color:#586e75}.highlight .gs{color:#586e75;font-weight:bold}.highlight .gu{color:#cb4b16}.highlight .gt{color:#586e75}.highlight .kc{color:#cb4b16}.highlight .kd{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .kn{color:#859900}.highlight .kp{color:#859900}.highlight .kr{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .kt{color:#dc322f}.highlight .ld{color:#586e75}.highlight .m{color:#2aa198}.highlight .s{color:#2aa198}.highlight .na{color:#586e75}.highlight .nb{color:#B58900}.highlight .nc{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .no{color:#cb4b16}.highlight .nd{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .ni{color:#cb4b16}.highlight .ne{color:#cb4b16}.highlight .nf{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .nl{color:#586e75}.highlight .nn{color:#586e75}.highlight .nx{color:#586e75}.highlight .py{color:#586e75}.highlight .nt{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .nv{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .ow{color:#859900}.highlight .w{color:#586e75}.highlight .mf{color:#2aa198}.highlight .mh{color:#2aa198}.highlight .mi{color:#2aa198}.highlight .mo{color:#2aa198}.highlight .sb{color:#93a1a1}.highlight .sc{color:#2aa198}.highlight .sd{color:#586e75}.highlight .s2{color:#2aa198}.highlight .se{color:#cb4b16}.highlight .sh{color:#586e75}.highlight .si{color:#2aa198}.highlight .sx{color:#2aa198}.highlight .sr{color:#dc322f}.highlight .s1{color:#2aa198}.highlight .ss{color:#2aa198}.highlight .bp{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .vc{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .vg{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .vi{color:#22b3eb}.highlight .il{color:#2aa198}form{margin:0 0 5px 0}form fieldset{margin-bottom:5px;padding:0;border-width:0}form legend{display:block;width:100%;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:-7px;padding:0;color:#494e52;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;white-space:normal}form p{margin-bottom:5px / 2}form ul{list-style-type:none;margin:0 0 5px 0;padding:0}form br{display:none}label,input,button,select,textarea{vertical-align:baseline;vertical-align:middle}input,button,select,textarea{box-sizing:border-box;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif}label{display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;color:#494e52;cursor:pointer}label small{font-size:.75em}label input,label textarea,label select{display:block}input,textarea,select{display:inline-block;width:100%;padding:0.25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;color:#494e52;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.125)}input:hover,textarea:hover,select:hover{border-color:#bdc1c4}.input-mini{width:60px}.input-small{width:90px}input[type=”image”],input[type=”checkbox”],input[type=”radio”]{width:auto;height:auto;padding:0;margin:3px 0;margin-top:0;line-height:normal;cursor:pointer;border-radius:0;border:0 \9}input[type=”checkbox”],input[type=”radio”]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;width:13px;height:13px}input[type=”image”]{border:0;box-shadow:none}input[type=”file”]{width:auto;padding:initial;line-height:initial;border:initial;background-color:transparent;background-color:initial;box-shadow:none}input[type=”button”],input[type=”reset”],input[type=”submit”]{width:auto;height:auto;cursor:pointer;overflow:visible}select,input[type=”file”]{margin-top:4px}select{width:auto;background-color:#fff}select[multiple],select[size]{height:auto}textarea{resize:vertical;height:auto;overflow:auto;vertical-align:top}input[type=”hidden”]{display:none}.form{position:relative}.radio,.checkbox{padding-left:18px;font-weight:normal}.radio input[type=”radio”],.checkbox input[type=”checkbox”]{float:left;margin-left:-18px}.radio.inline,.checkbox.inline{display:inline-block;padding-top:5px;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle}.radio.inline+.radio.inline,.checkbox.inline+.checkbox.inline{margin-left:10px}input[disabled],select[disabled],textarea[disabled],input[readonly],select[readonly],textarea[readonly]{opacity:0.5;cursor:not-allowed}input:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:#7a8288;outline:0;outline:thin dotted \9}input[type=”file”]:focus,input[type=”radio”]:focus,input[type=”checkbox”]:focus,select:focus{box-shadow:none}.help-block,.help-inline{color:#52adc8}.help-block{display:block;margin-bottom:1em;line-height:1em}.help-inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:5px}.form-inline input,.form-inline textarea,.form-inline select{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:0}.form-inline label{display:inline-block}.form-inline .radio,.form-inline .checkbox,.form-inline .radio{padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle}.form-inline .radio input[type=”radio”],.form-inline .checkbox input[type=”checkbox”]{float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:3px}.form-search input,.form-search textarea,.form-search select{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:0}.form-search .search-query{padding-left:14px;padding-right:14px;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:14px}.form-search label{display:inline-block}.form-search .radio,.form-search .checkbox,.form-inline .radio{padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle}.form-search .radio input[type=”radio”],.form-search .checkbox input[type=”checkbox”]{float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:3px}.form–loading:before{content:’’}.form–loading .form__spinner{display:block}.form:before{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);z-index:10}.form__spinner{display:none;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;z-index:11}#goog-fixurl ul{list-style:none;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}#goog-fixurl ul li{list-style-type:none}#goog-wm-qt{width:auto;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:20px;padding:8px 20px;display:inline-block;font-size:.75em;background-color:#fff;color:#000;border-width:2px !important;border-style:solid !important;border-color:gray;border-radius:4px}#main{max-width:925px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;clear:both;margin-top:2em;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;animation:intro 0.3s both;animation-delay:0.35s}#main:after{content:” “;display:block;clear:both}#main::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}@media (min-width: 80em){#main{max-width:1280px}}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.page{width:83.0508474576%;float:right;margin-right:0;padding-left:4.2372881356%;padding-right:16.9491525424%}}.page .page__inner-wrap{clear:both;width:100%;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.page .page__inner-wrap .page__content,.page .page__inner-wrap .page__meta,.page .page__inner-wrap .comment__date,.page .page__inner-wrap .page__share{clear:both;width:100%;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.page__title{margin-top:0;line-height:1}.page__title+.page__meta,.page__title+.comment__date{margin-top:-0.5em}.page__lead{font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.25em}.page__content h2{padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f3f3}.page__content p,.page__content li,.page__content dl{font-size:1em}.page__content p{margin:0 0 1.3em}.page__content a{text-decoration:underline}.page__content a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.page__content a:hover img{box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.page__content dt{margin-top:1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.page__content dd{margin-left:1em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em}.page__content .small{font-size:.75em}.page__content blockquote+.small{margin-top:-1.5em;padding-left:1.25rem}.page__hero{position:relative;margin-bottom:2em;clear:both;animation:intro 0.3s both;animation-delay:0.25s}.page__hero::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}.page__hero–overlay{position:relative;margin-bottom:2em;padding:3em 0;clear:both;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;animation:intro 0.3s both;animation-delay:0.25s}.page__hero–overlay::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}.page__hero–overlay a{color:#fff}.page__hero–overlay .wrapper{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}@media (min-width: 80em){.page__hero–overlay .wrapper{max-width:1280px}}.page__hero–overlay .page__title,.page__hero–overlay .page__meta,.page__hero–overlay .comment__date,.page__hero–overlay .page__lead,.page__hero–overlay .btn,.page__hero–overlay #goog-wm-sb{color:#fff;text-shadow:1px 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5)}.page__hero–overlay .page__lead{max-width:768px}.page__hero–overlay .page__title{font-size:1.953em}@media (min-width: 37.5em){.page__hero–overlay .page__title{font-size:2.441em}}.page__hero-image{width:100%;height:auto;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}.page__hero-caption{position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;margin:0 auto;padding:2px 5px;color:#fff;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif;font-size:.6875em;background:#000;text-align:right;z-index:5;opacity:0.5;border-radius:4px 0 4px 0}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.page__hero-caption{padding:5px 10px}}.page__hero-caption a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.page__share{margin-top:2em;padding-top:1em;border-top:1px solid #f2f3f3}@media (max-width: 37.5em){.page__share .btn span,.page__share #goog-wm-sb span{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}}.page__share-title{margin-bottom:10px;font-size:.75em;text-transform:uppercase}.page__meta,.comment__date{margin-top:2em;color:#9ba1a6;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em}.page__meta p,.comment__date p{margin:0}.page__meta a,.comment__date a{color:inherit}.page__meta-title{margin-bottom:10px;font-size:.75em;text-transform:uppercase}.page__taxonomy .sep{display:none}.page__taxonomy strong{margin-right:10px}.page__taxonomy-item{display:inline-block;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:5px 10px;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid #bdc1c4;border-radius:4px}.page__taxonomy-item:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#3e8296}.page__comments{clear:both;width:100%;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.page__comments-title{margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:10px;padding-top:2rem;font-size:.75em;border-top:1px solid #f2f3f3;text-transform:uppercase}.page__comments-form{padding:1em;background:#f2f3f3;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out}.page__comments-form.disabled input,.page__comments-form.disabled button,.page__comments-form.disabled textarea,.page__comments-form.disabled label{pointer-events:none;cursor:not-allowed;filter:alpha(opacity=65);box-shadow:none;opacity:0.65}.comment{clear:both;margin:1em 0}.comment::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}.comment:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #f2f3f3}.comment__avatar-wrapper{float:left;width:60px;height:60px}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.comment__avatar-wrapper{width:100px;height:100px}}.comment__avatar{width:40px;height:40px;border-radius:50%}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.comment__avatar{width:80px;height:80px;padding:5px;border:1px solid #f2f3f3}}.comment__content-wrapper{float:right;width:calc(100% - 60px)}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.comment__content-wrapper{width:calc(100% - 100px)}}.comment__author{margin:0}.comment__author a{text-decoration:none}.comment__date{margin:0}.comment__date a{text-decoration:none}.page__related{margin-top:2em;padding-top:1em;border-top:1px solid #f2f3f3;clear:both;float:left}.page__related::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.page__related{margin-left:21.186440678%}}.page__related a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.page__related-title{margin-bottom:10px;font-size:.75em;text-transform:uppercase}.archive{margin-bottom:2em}@media (min-width: 48em){.archive{width:100%;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.archive{width:83.0508474576%;float:right;margin-right:0;padding-left:4.2372881356%}}.archive a{text-decoration:underline}.archive a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.archive a:hover img{box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.archive__subtitle{margin:1.414em 0 0;padding-bottom:0.5em;font-size:1em;color:#9ba1a6;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f3f3}.archive__subtitle+.list__item .archive__item-title{margin-top:0.5em}.archive__item-title{margin-bottom:0.25em;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif}.archive__item-title a+a{opacity:0.5}.page__content .archive__item-title{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:none}.archive__item-excerpt{margin-top:0;font-size:.75em}.archive__item-excerpt+p{text-indent:0}.archive__item-teaser{border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden}.archive__item-teaser img{width:100%}.archive__item:hover .archive__item-teaser{box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.archive__item:hover .archive__item-title{text-decoration:underline}@media (min-width: 48em){.list__item{padding-right:0px}}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.list__item{padding-right:0px}}@media (min-width: 80em){.list__item{padding-right:0px}}.list__item .page__meta,.list__item .comment__date{margin:0 0 4px}.grid__item{margin-bottom:2em}.grid__item .page__meta,.grid__item .comment__date{margin:0 0 4px}.grid__item .archive__item-title{margin-top:0.5em;font-size:1em}.grid__item .archive__item-excerpt{display:none}@media (min-width: 37.5em){.grid__item{width:48.9795918367%;float:left}.grid__item:nth-child(2n+1){margin-left:0;margin-right:-100%;clear:both;margin-left:0}.grid__item:nth-child(2n+2){margin-left:51.0204081633%;margin-right:-100%;clear:none}.grid__item .archive__item-teaser{max-height:200px}}@media (min-width: 48em){.grid__item{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:23.4693877551%;float:left}.grid__item:nth-child(4n+1){margin-left:0;margin-right:-100%;clear:both;margin-left:0}.grid__item:nth-child(4n+2){margin-left:25.5102040816%;margin-right:-100%;clear:none}.grid__item:nth-child(4n+3){margin-left:51.0204081633%;margin-right:-100%;clear:none}.grid__item:nth-child(4n+4){margin-left:76.5306122449%;margin-right:-100%;clear:none}.grid__item .archive__item-teaser{max-height:120px}.grid__item .archive__item-excerpt{display:block;font-size:.75em}}.feature__wrapper{clear:both;margin-bottom:2em;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f3f3}.feature__wrapper::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}.feature__item{margin-bottom:2em;font-size:1.25rem}@media (min-width: 37.5em){.feature__item{margin-bottom:0;width:32.2033898305%;float:left}.feature__item:nth-child(3n+1){margin-left:0;margin-right:-100%;clear:both;margin-left:0}.feature__item:nth-child(3n+2){margin-left:33.8983050847%;margin-right:-100%;clear:none}.feature__item:nth-child(3n+3){margin-left:67.7966101695%;margin-right:-100%;clear:none}.feature__item .feature__item-teaser{max-height:200px;overflow:hidden}}.feature__item–left{clear:both;width:100%;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-size:1.25rem}.feature__item–left .archive__item-teaser{margin-bottom:2em}@media (min-width: 37.5em){.feature__item–left .archive__item-teaser{width:40.6779661017%;float:left;margin-right:1.6949152542%}.feature__item–left .archive__item-body{width:57.6271186441%;float:right;margin-right:0;padding-left:4.2372881356%;padding-right:8.4745762712%}}.feature__item–right{clear:both;width:100%;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-size:1.25rem}.feature__item–right .archive__item-teaser{margin-bottom:2em}@media (min-width: 37.5em){.feature__item–right{text-align:right}.feature__item–right .archive__item-teaser{width:40.6779661017%;float:right;margin-left:1.6949152542%}.feature__item–right .archive__item-body{width:57.6271186441%;float:left;margin-left:0;padding-left:4.2372881356%;padding-right:8.4745762712%}}.feature__item–center{clear:both;width:100%;float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-size:1.25rem}.feature__item–center .archive__item-teaser{margin-bottom:2em}@media (min-width: 37.5em){.feature__item–center{text-align:center}.feature__item–center .archive__item-teaser{margin:0 auto;width:40.6779661017%}.feature__item–center .archive__item-body{margin:0 auto;width:57.6271186441%}}.sidebar{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);clear:both;margin-bottom:1em}.sidebar::after{clear:both;content:”“;display:table}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.sidebar{width:15.2542372881%;float:left;margin-right:1.6949152542%;opacity:1;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:opacity 0.2s ease-in-out}.sidebar:hover{opacity:1}}@media (min-width: 80em){.sidebar{padding-right:0}}.sidebar h2,.sidebar h3,.sidebar h4,.sidebar h5,.sidebar h6{margin-bottom:0;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif}.sidebar h3,.sidebar h4{font-size:1em}.sidebar p,.sidebar li{font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75em;line-height:1.5}.sidebar img{width:100%}.sidebar__right{margin-bottom:1em}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.sidebar__right{position:relative;float:right;width:0px;margin-left:2.5423728814%;z-index:10}}@media (min-width: 80em){.sidebar__right{width:0px}}.author__avatar{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;width:36px}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__avatar{display:block;width:auto;height:auto}}.author__avatar img{max-width:175px;border-radius:50%}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__avatar img{padding:5px;border:1px solid #f2f3f3}}.author__content{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding-left:15px;padding-right:25px;line-height:1}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__content{display:block;width:100%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.author__name{margin:0}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__name{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px}}.sidebar .author__name{font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1em}.author__bio{margin:0}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__bio{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:20px}}.author__urls-wrapper{position:relative;display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;font-family:-apple-system,”.SFNSText-Regular”,”San Francisco”,”Roboto”,”Segoe UI”,”Helvetica Neue”,”Lucida Grande”,Arial,sans-serif;z-index:10;position:relative;cursor:pointer}.author__urls-wrapper li:last-child a{margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__urls-wrapper{display:block}}.author__urls-wrapper button{margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__urls-wrapper button{display:none}}.author__urls{display:none;position:absolute;right:0;margin-top:15px;padding:10px;list-style-type:none;border:1px solid #f2f3f3;border-radius:4px;background:#fff;z-index:-1;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.25);cursor:default}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__urls{display:block;position:relative;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;background:transparent;box-shadow:none}}.author__urls:before{display:block;content:”“;position:absolute;top:-11px;left:calc(50% - 10px);width:0;border-style:solid;border-width:0 10px 10px;border-color:#f2f3f3 transparent;z-index:0}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__urls:before{display:none}}.author__urls:after{display:block;content:”“;position:absolute;top:-10px;left:calc(50% - 10px);width:0;border-style:solid;border-width:0 10px 10px;border-color:#fff transparent;z-index:1}@media (min-width: 57.8125em){.author__urls:after{display:none}}.author__urls li{white-space:nowrap}.author__urls a{display:block;margin-bottom:5px;padding-right:5px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;color:inherit;font-size:1em;text-decoration:none}.author__urls a:hover{text-decoration:underline}/*!

• Font Awesome Free 5.5.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com
• License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) /.fa,.fas,.far,.fal,.fab{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;display:inline-block;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-rendering:auto;line-height:1}.fa-lg{font-size:1.3333333333em;line-height:.75em;vertical-align:-.0667em}.fa-xs{font-size:.75em}.fa-sm{font-size:.875em}.fa-1x{font-size:1em}.fa-2x{font-size:2em}.fa-3x{font-size:3em}.fa-4x{font-size:4em}.fa-5x{font-size:5em}.fa-6x{font-size:6em}.fa-7x{font-size:7em}.fa-8x{font-size:8em}.fa-9x{font-size:9em}.fa-10x{font-size:10em}.fa-fw{text-align:center;width:1.25em}.fa-ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:2.5em;padding-left:0}.fa-ul>li{position:relative}.fa-li{left:-2em;position:absolute;text-align:center;width:2em;line-height:inherit}.fa-border{border:solid 0.08em #eee;border-radius:.1em;padding:.2em .25em .15em}.fa-pull-left{float:left}.fa-pull-right{float:right}.fa.fa-pull-left,.fas.fa-pull-left,.far.fa-pull-left,.fal.fa-pull-left,.fab.fa-pull-left{margin-right:.3em}.fa.fa-pull-right,.fas.fa-pull-right,.far.fa-pull-right,.fal.fa-pull-right,.fab.fa-pull-right{margin-left:.3em}.fa-spin{animation:fa-spin 2s infinite linear}.fa-pulse{animation:fa-spin 1s infinite steps(8)}@keyframes fa-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}.fa-rotate-90{-ms-filter:”progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=1)”;transform:rotate(90deg)}.fa-rotate-180{-ms-filter:”progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=2)”;transform:rotate(180deg)}.fa-rotate-270{-ms-filter:”progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=3)”;transform:rotate(270deg)}.fa-flip-horizontal{-ms-filter:”progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=0, mirror=1)”;transform:scale(-1, 1)}.fa-flip-vertical{-ms-filter:”progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=2, mirror=1)”;transform:scale(1, -1)}.fa-flip-horizontal.fa-flip-vertical{-ms-filter:”progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=2, mirror=1)”;transform:scale(-1, -1)}:root .fa-rotate-90,:root .fa-rotate-180,:root .fa-rotate-270,:root .fa-flip-horizontal,:root .fa-flip-vertical{filter:none}.fa-stack{display:inline-block;height:2em;line-height:2em;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;width:2.5em}.fa-stack-1x,.fa-stack-2x{left:0;position:absolute;text-align:center;width:100%}.fa-stack-1x{line-height:inherit}.fa-stack-2x{font-size:2em}.fa-inverse{color:#fff}.fa-500px:before{content:””}.fa-accessible-icon:before{content:””}.fa-accusoft:before{content:””}.fa-acquisitions-incorporated:before{content:””}.fa-ad:before{content:””}.fa-address-book:before{content:””}.fa-address-card:before{content:””}.fa-adjust:before{content:””}.fa-adn:before{content:””}.fa-adversal:before{content:””}.fa-affiliatetheme:before{content:””}.fa-air-freshener:before{content:””}.fa-algolia:before{content:””}.fa-align-center:before{content:””}.fa-align-justify:before{content:””}.fa-align-left:before{content:””}.fa-align-right:before{content:””}.fa-alipay:before{content:””}.fa-allergies:before{content:””}.fa-amazon:before{content:””}.fa-amazon-pay:before{content:””}.fa-ambulance:before{content:””}.fa-american-sign-language-interpreting:before{content:””}.fa-amilia:before{content:””}.fa-anchor:before{content:””}.fa-android:before{content:””}.fa-angellist:before{content:””}.fa-angle-double-down:before{content:””}.fa-angle-double-left:before{content:””}.fa-angle-double-right:before{content:””}.fa-angle-double-up:before{content:””}.fa-angle-down:before{content:””}.fa-angle-left:before{content:””}.fa-angle-right:before{content:””}.fa-angle-up:before{content:””}.fa-angry:before{content:””}.fa-angrycreative:before{content:””}.fa-angular:before{content:””}.fa-ankh:before{content:””}.fa-app-store:before{content:””}.fa-app-store-ios:before{content:””}.fa-apper:before{content:””}.fa-apple:before{content:””}.fa-apple-alt:before{content:””}.fa-apple-pay:before{content:””}.fa-archive:before{content:””}.fa-archway:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-alt-circle-down:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-alt-circle-left:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-alt-circle-right:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-alt-circle-up:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-circle-down:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-circle-left:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-circle-right:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-circle-up:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-down:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-left:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-right:before{content:””}.fa-arrow-up:before{content:””}.fa-arrows-alt:before{content:””}.fa-arrows-alt-h:before{content:””}.fa-arrows-alt-v:before{content:””}.fa-assistive-listening-systems:before{content:””}.fa-asterisk:before{content:””}.fa-asymmetrik:before{content:””}.fa-at:before{content:””}.fa-atlas:before{content:””}.fa-atom:before{content:””}.fa-audible:before{content:””}.fa-audio-description:before{content:””}.fa-autoprefixer:before{content:””}.fa-avianex:before{content:””}.fa-aviato:before{content:””}.fa-award:before{content:””}.fa-aws:before{content:””}.fa-backspace:before{content:””}.fa-backward:before{content:””}.fa-balance-scale:before{content:””}.fa-ban:before{content:””}.fa-band-aid:before{content:””}.fa-bandcamp:before{content:””}.fa-barcode:before{content:””}.fa-bars:before{content:””}.fa-baseball-ball:before{content:””}.fa-basketball-ball:before{content:””}.fa-bath:before{content:””}.fa-battery-empty:before{content:””}.fa-battery-full:before{content:””}.fa-battery-half:before{content:””}.fa-battery-quarter:before{content:””}.fa-battery-three-quarters:before{content:””}.fa-bed:before{content:””}.fa-beer:before{content:””}.fa-behance:before{content:””}.fa-behance-square:before{content:””}.fa-bell:before{content:””}.fa-bell-slash:before{content:””}.fa-bezier-curve:before{content:””}.fa-bible:before{content:””}.fa-bicycle:before{content:””}.fa-bimobject:before{content:””}.fa-binoculars:before{content:””}.fa-birthday-cake:before{content:””}.fa-bitbucket:before{content:””}.fa-bitcoin:before{content:””}.fa-bity:before{content:””}.fa-black-tie:before{content:””}.fa-blackberry:before{content:””}.fa-blender:before{content:””}.fa-blender-phone:before{content:””}.fa-blind:before{content:””}.fa-blogger:before{content:””}.fa-blogger-b:before{content:””}.fa-bluetooth:before{content:””}.fa-bluetooth-b:before{content:””}.fa-bold:before{content:””}.fa-bolt:before{content:””}.fa-bomb:before{content:””}.fa-bone:before{content:””}.fa-bong:before{content:””}.fa-book:before{content:””}.fa-book-dead:before{content:””}.fa-book-open:before{content:””}.fa-book-reader:before{content:””}.fa-bookmark:before{content:””}.fa-bowling-ball:before{content:””}.fa-box:before{content:””}.fa-box-open:before{content:””}.fa-boxes:before{content:””}.fa-braille:before{content:””}.fa-brain:before{content:””}.fa-briefcase:before{content:””}.fa-briefcase-medical:before{content:””}.fa-broadcast-tower:before{content:””}.fa-broom:before{content:””}.fa-brush:before{content:””}.fa-btc:before{content:””}.fa-bug:before{content:””}.fa-building:before{content:””}.fa-bullhorn:before{content:””}.fa-bullseye:before{content:””}.fa-burn:before{content:””}.fa-buromobelexperte:before{content:””}.fa-bus:before{content:””}.fa-bus-alt:before{content:””}.fa-business-time:before{content:””}.fa-buysellads:before{content:””}.fa-calculator:before{content:””}.fa-calendar:before{content:””}.fa-calendar-alt:before{content:””}.fa-calendar-check:before{content:””}.fa-calendar-minus:before{content:””}.fa-calendar-plus:before{content:””}.fa-calendar-times:before{content:””}.fa-camera:before{content:””}.fa-camera-retro:before{content:””}.fa-campground:before{content:””}.fa-cannabis:before{content:””}.fa-capsules:before{content:””}.fa-car:before{content:””}.fa-car-alt:before{content:””}.fa-car-battery:before{content:””}.fa-car-crash:before{content:””}.fa-car-side:before{content:””}.fa-caret-down:before{content:””}.fa-caret-left:before{content:””}.fa-caret-right:before{content:””}.fa-caret-square-down:before{content:””}.fa-caret-square-left:before{content:””}.fa-caret-square-right:before{content:””}.fa-caret-square-up:before{content:””}.fa-caret-up:before{content:””}.fa-cart-arrow-down:before{content:””}.fa-cart-plus:before{content:””}.fa-cat:before{content:””}.fa-cc-amazon-pay:before{content:””}.fa-cc-amex:before{content:””}.fa-cc-apple-pay:before{content:””}.fa-cc-diners-club:before{content:””}.fa-cc-discover:before{content:””}.fa-cc-jcb:before{content:””}.fa-cc-mastercard:before{content:””}.fa-cc-paypal:before{content:””}.fa-cc-stripe:before{content:””}.fa-cc-visa:before{content:””}.fa-centercode:before{content:””}.fa-certificate:before{content:””}.fa-chair:before{content:””}.fa-chalkboard:before{content:””}.fa-chalkboard-teacher:before{content:””}.fa-charging-station:before{content:””}.fa-chart-area:before{content:””}.fa-chart-bar:before{content:””}.fa-chart-line:before{content:””}.fa-chart-pie:before{content:””}.fa-check:before{content:””}.fa-check-circle:before{content:””}.fa-check-double:before{content:””}.fa-check-square:before{content:””}.fa-chess:before{content:””}.fa-chess-bishop:before{content:””}.fa-chess-board:before{content:””}.fa-chess-king:before{content:””}.fa-chess-knight:before{content:””}.fa-chess-pawn:before{content:””}.fa-chess-queen:before{content:””}.fa-chess-rook:before{content:””}.fa-chevron-circle-down:before{content:””}.fa-chevron-circle-left:before{content:””}.fa-chevron-circle-right:before{content:””}.fa-chevron-circle-up:before{content:””}.fa-chevron-down:before{content:””}.fa-chevron-left:before{content:””}.fa-chevron-right:before{content:””}.fa-chevron-up:before{content:””}.fa-child:before{content:””}.fa-chrome:before{content:””}.fa-church:before{content:””}.fa-circle:before{content:””}.fa-circle-notch:before{content:””}.fa-city:before{content:””}.fa-clipboard:before{content:””}.fa-clipboard-check:before{content:””}.fa-clipboard-list:before{content:””}.fa-clock:before{content:””}.fa-clone:before{content:””}.fa-closed-captioning:before{content:””}.fa-cloud:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-download-alt:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-meatball:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-moon:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-moon-rain:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-rain:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-showers-heavy:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-sun:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-sun-rain:before{content:””}.fa-cloud-upload-alt:before{content:””}.fa-cloudscale:before{content:””}.fa-cloudsmith:before{content:””}.fa-cloudversify:before{content:””}.fa-cocktail:before{content:””}.fa-code:before{content:””}.fa-code-branch:before{content:””}.fa-codepen:before{content:””}.fa-codiepie:before{content:””}.fa-coffee:before{content:””}.fa-cog:before{content:””}.fa-cogs:before{content:””}.fa-coins:before{content:””}.fa-columns:before{content:””}.fa-comment:before{content:””}.fa-comment-alt:before{content:””}.fa-comment-dollar:before{content:””}.fa-comment-dots:before{content:””}.fa-comment-slash:before{content:””}.fa-comments:before{content:””}.fa-comments-dollar:before{content:””}.fa-compact-disc:before{content:””}.fa-compass:before{content:””}.fa-compress:before{content:””}.fa-concierge-bell:before{content:””}.fa-connectdevelop:before{content:””}.fa-contao:before{content:””}.fa-cookie:before{content:””}.fa-cookie-bite:before{content:””}.fa-copy:before{content:””}.fa-copyright:before{content:””}.fa-couch:before{content:””}.fa-cpanel:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-by:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-nc:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-nc-eu:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-nc-jp:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-nd:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-pd:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-pd-alt:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-remix:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-sa:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-sampling:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-sampling-plus:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-share:before{content:””}.fa-creative-commons-zero:before{content:””}.fa-credit-card:before{content:””}.fa-critical-role:before{content:””}.fa-crop:before{content:””}.fa-crop-alt:before{content:””}.fa-cross:before{content:””}.fa-crosshairs:before{content:””}.fa-crow:before{content:””}.fa-crown:before{content:””}.fa-css3:before{content:””}.fa-css3-alt:before{content:””}.fa-cube:before{content:””}.fa-cubes:before{content:””}.fa-cut:before{content:””}.fa-cuttlefish:before{content:””}.fa-d-and-d:before{content:””}.fa-d-and-d-beyond:before{content:””}.fa-dashcube:before{content:””}.fa-database:before{content:””}.fa-deaf:before{content:””}.fa-delicious:before{content:””}.fa-democrat:before{content:””}.fa-deploydog:before{content:””}.fa-deskpro:before{content:””}.fa-desktop:before{content:””}.fa-dev:before{content:””}.fa-deviantart:before{content:””}.fa-dharmachakra:before{content:””}.fa-diagnoses:before{content:””}.fa-dice:before{content:””}.fa-dice-d20:before{content:””}.fa-dice-d6:before{content:””}.fa-dice-five:before{content:””}.fa-dice-four:before{content:””}.fa-dice-one:before{content:””}.fa-dice-six:before{content:””}.fa-dice-three:before{content:””}.fa-dice-two:before{content:””}.fa-digg:before{content:””}.fa-digital-ocean:before{content:””}.fa-digital-tachograph:before{content:””}.fa-directions:before{content:””}.fa-discord:before{content:””}.fa-discourse:before{content:””}.fa-divide:before{content:””}.fa-dizzy:before{content:””}.fa-dna:before{content:””}.fa-dochub:before{content:””}.fa-docker:before{content:””}.fa-dog:before{content:””}.fa-dollar-sign:before{content:””}.fa-dolly:before{content:””}.fa-dolly-flatbed:before{content:””}.fa-donate:before{content:””}.fa-door-closed:before{content:””}.fa-door-open:before{content:””}.fa-dot-circle:before{content:””}.fa-dove:before{content:””}.fa-download:before{content:””}.fa-draft2digital:before{content:””}.fa-drafting-compass:before{content:””}.fa-dragon:before{content:””}.fa-draw-polygon:before{content:””}.fa-dribbble:before{content:””}.fa-dribbble-square:before{content:””}.fa-dropbox:before{content:””}.fa-drum:before{content:””}.fa-drum-steelpan:before{content:””}.fa-drumstick-bite:before{content:””}.fa-drupal:before{content:””}.fa-dumbbell:before{content:””}.fa-dungeon:before{content:””}.fa-dyalog:before{content:””}.fa-earlybirds:before{content:””}.fa-ebay:before{content:””}.fa-edge:before{content:””}.fa-edit:before{content:””}.fa-eject:before{content:””}.fa-elementor:before{content:””}.fa-ellipsis-h:before{content:””}.fa-ellipsis-v:before{content:””}.fa-ello:before{content:””}.fa-ember:before{content:””}.fa-empire:before{content:””}.fa-envelope:before{content:””}.fa-envelope-open:before{content:””}.fa-envelope-open-text:before{content:””}.fa-envelope-square:before{content:””}.fa-envira:before{content:””}.fa-equals:before{content:””}.fa-eraser:before{content:””}.fa-erlang:before{content:””}.fa-ethereum:before{content:””}.fa-etsy:before{content:””}.fa-euro-sign:before{content:””}.fa-exchange-alt:before{content:””}.fa-exclamation:before{content:””}.fa-exclamation-circle:before{content:””}.fa-exclamation-triangle:before{content:””}.fa-expand:before{content:””}.fa-expand-arrows-alt:before{content:””}.fa-expeditedssl:before{content:””}.fa-external-link-alt:before{content:””}.fa-external-link-square-alt:before{content:””}.fa-eye:before{content:””}.fa-eye-dropper:before{content:””}.fa-eye-slash:before{content:””}.fa-facebook:before{content:””}.fa-facebook-f:before{content:””}.fa-facebook-messenger:before{content:””}.fa-facebook-square:before{content:””}.fa-fantasy-flight-games:before{content:””}.fa-fast-backward:before{content:””}.fa-fast-forward:before{content:””}.fa-fax:before{content:””}.fa-feather:before{content:””}.fa-feather-alt:before{content:””}.fa-female:before{content:””}.fa-fighter-jet:before{content:””}.fa-file:before{content:””}.fa-file-alt:before{content:””}.fa-file-archive:before{content:””}.fa-file-audio:before{content:””}.fa-file-code:before{content:””}.fa-file-contract:before{content:””}.fa-file-csv:before{content:””}.fa-file-download:before{content:””}.fa-file-excel:before{content:””}.fa-file-export:before{content:””}.fa-file-image:before{content:””}.fa-file-import:before{content:””}.fa-file-invoice:before{content:””}.fa-file-invoice-dollar:before{content:””}.fa-file-medical:before{content:””}.fa-file-medical-alt:before{content:””}.fa-file-pdf:before{content:””}.fa-file-powerpoint:before{content:””}.fa-file-prescription:before{content:””}.fa-file-signature:before{content:””}.fa-file-upload:before{content:””}.fa-file-video:before{content:””}.fa-file-word:before{content:””}.fa-fill:before{content:””}.fa-fill-drip:before{content:””}.fa-film:before{content:””}.fa-filter:before{content:””}.fa-fingerprint:before{content:””}.fa-fire:before{content:””}.fa-fire-extinguisher:before{content:””}.fa-firefox:before{content:””}.fa-first-aid:before{content:””}.fa-first-order:before{content:””}.fa-first-order-alt:before{content:””}.fa-firstdraft:before{content:””}.fa-fish:before{content:””}.fa-fist-raised:before{content:””}.fa-flag:before{content:””}.fa-flag-checkered:before{content:””}.fa-flag-usa:before{content:””}.fa-flask:before{content:””}.fa-flickr:before{content:””}.fa-flipboard:before{content:””}.fa-flushed:before{content:””}.fa-fly:before{content:””}.fa-folder:before{content:””}.fa-folder-minus:before{content:””}.fa-folder-open:before{content:””}.fa-folder-plus:before{content:””}.fa-font:before{content:””}.fa-font-awesome:before{content:””}.fa-font-awesome-alt:before{content:””}.fa-font-awesome-flag:before{content:””}.fa-font-awesome-logo-full:before{content:””}.fa-fonticons:before{content:””}.fa-fonticons-fi:before{content:””}.fa-football-ball:before{content:””}.fa-fort-awesome:before{content:””}.fa-fort-awesome-alt:before{content:””}.fa-forumbee:before{content:””}.fa-forward:before{content:””}.fa-foursquare:before{content:””}.fa-free-code-camp:before{content:””}.fa-freebsd:before{content:””}.fa-frog:before{content:””}.fa-frown:before{content:””}.fa-frown-open:before{content:””}.fa-fulcrum:before{content:””}.fa-funnel-dollar:before{content:””}.fa-futbol:before{content:””}.fa-galactic-republic:before{content:””}.fa-galactic-senate:before{content:””}.fa-gamepad:before{content:””}.fa-gas-pump:before{content:””}.fa-gavel:before{content:””}.fa-gem:before{content:””}.fa-genderless:before{content:””}.fa-get-pocket:before{content:””}.fa-gg:before{content:””}.fa-gg-circle:before{content:””}.fa-ghost:before{content:””}.fa-gift:before{content:””}.fa-git:before{content:””}.fa-git-square:before{content:””}.fa-github:before{content:””}.fa-github-alt:before{content:””}.fa-github-square:before{content:””}.fa-gitkraken:before{content:””}.fa-gitlab:before{content:””}.fa-gitter:before{content:””}.fa-glass-martini:before{content:””}.fa-glass-martini-alt:before{content:””}.fa-glasses:before{content:””}.fa-glide:before{content:””}.fa-glide-g:before{content:””}.fa-globe:before{content:””}.fa-globe-africa:before{content:””}.fa-globe-americas:before{content:””}.fa-globe-asia:before{content:””}.fa-gofore:before{content:””}.fa-golf-ball:before{content:””}.fa-goodreads:before{content:””}.fa-goodreads-g:before{content:””}.fa-google:before{content:””}.fa-google-drive:before{content:””}.fa-google-play:before{content:””}.fa-google-plus:before{content:””}.fa-google-plus-g:before{content:””}.fa-google-plus-square:before{content:””}.fa-google-wallet:before{content:””}.fa-gopuram:before{content:””}.fa-graduation-cap:before{content:””}.fa-gratipay:before{content:””}.fa-grav:before{content:””}.fa-greater-than:before{content:””}.fa-greater-than-equal:before{content:””}.fa-grimace:before{content:””}.fa-grin:before{content:””}.fa-grin-alt:before{content:””}.fa-grin-beam:before{content:””}.fa-grin-beam-sweat:before{content:””}.fa-grin-hearts:before{content:””}.fa-grin-squint:before{content:””}.fa-grin-squint-tears:before{content:””}.fa-grin-stars:before{content:””}.fa-grin-tears:before{content:””}.fa-grin-tongue:before{content:””}.fa-grin-tongue-squint:before{content:””}.fa-grin-tongue-wink:before{content:””}.fa-grin-wink:before{content:””}.fa-grip-horizontal:before{content:””}.fa-grip-vertical:before{content:””}.fa-gripfire:before{content:””}.fa-grunt:before{content:””}.fa-gulp:before{content:””}.fa-h-square:before{content:””}.fa-hacker-news:before{content:””}.fa-hacker-news-square:before{content:””}.fa-hackerrank:before{content:””}.fa-hammer:before{content:””}.fa-hamsa:before{content:””}.fa-hand-holding:before{content:””}.fa-hand-holding-heart:before{content:””}.fa-hand-holding-usd:before{content:””}.fa-hand-lizard:before{content:””}.fa-hand-paper:before{content:””}.fa-hand-peace:before{content:””}.fa-hand-point-down:before{content:””}.fa-hand-point-left:before{content:””}.fa-hand-point-right:before{content:””}.fa-hand-point-up:before{content:””}.fa-hand-pointer:before{content:””}.fa-hand-rock:before{content:””}.fa-hand-scissors:before{content:””}.fa-hand-spock:before{content:””}.fa-hands:before{content:””}.fa-hands-helping:before{content:””}.fa-handshake:before{content:””}.fa-hanukiah:before{content:””}.fa-hashtag:before{content:””}.fa-hat-wizard:before{content:””}.fa-haykal:before{content:””}.fa-hdd:before{content:””}.fa-heading:before{content:””}.fa-headphones:before{content:””}.fa-headphones-alt:before{content:””}.fa-headset:before{content:””}.fa-heart:before{content:””}.fa-heartbeat:before{content:””}.fa-helicopter:before{content:””}.fa-highlighter:before{content:””}.fa-hiking:before{content:””}.fa-hippo:before{content:””}.fa-hips:before{content:””}.fa-hire-a-helper:before{content:””}.fa-history:before{content:””}.fa-hockey-puck:before{content:””}.fa-home:before{content:””}.fa-hooli:before{content:””}.fa-hornbill:before{content:””}.fa-horse:before{content:””}.fa-hospital:before{content:””}.fa-hospital-alt:before{content:””}.fa-hospital-symbol:before{content:””}.fa-hot-tub:before{content:””}.fa-hotel:before{content:””}.fa-hotjar:before{content:””}.fa-hourglass:before{content:””}.fa-hourglass-end:before{content:””}.fa-hourglass-half:before{content:””}.fa-hourglass-start:before{content:””}.fa-house-damage:before{content:””}.fa-houzz:before{content:””}.fa-hryvnia:before{content:””}.fa-html5:before{content:””}.fa-hubspot:before{content:””}.fa-i-cursor:before{content:””}.fa-id-badge:before{content:””}.fa-id-card:before{content:””}.fa-id-card-alt:before{content:””}.fa-image:before{content:””}.fa-images:before{content:””}.fa-imdb:before{content:””}.fa-inbox:before{content:””}.fa-indent:before{content:””}.fa-industry:before{content:””}.fa-infinity:before{content:””}.fa-info:before{content:””}.fa-info-circle:before{content:””}.fa-instagram:before{content:””}.fa-internet-explorer:before{content:””}.fa-ioxhost:before{content:””}.fa-italic:before{content:””}.fa-itunes:before{content:””}.fa-itunes-note:before{content:””}.fa-java:before{content:””}.fa-jedi:before{content:””}.fa-jedi-order:before{content:””}.fa-jenkins:before{content:””}.fa-joget:before{content:””}.fa-joint:before{content:””}.fa-joomla:before{content:””}.fa-journal-whills:before{content:””}.fa-js:before{content:””}.fa-js-square:before{content:””}.fa-jsfiddle:before{content:””}.fa-kaaba:before{content:””}.fa-kaggle:before{content:””}.fa-key:before{content:””}.fa-keybase:before{content:””}.fa-keyboard:before{content:””}.fa-keycdn:before{content:””}.fa-khanda:before{content:””}.fa-kickstarter:before{content:””}.fa-kickstarter-k:before{content:””}.fa-kiss:before{content:””}.fa-kiss-beam:before{content:””}.fa-kiss-wink-heart:before{content:””}.fa-kiwi-bird:before{content:””}.fa-korvue:before{content:””}.fa-landmark:before{content:””}.fa-language:before{content:””}.fa-laptop:before{content:””}.fa-laptop-code:before{content:””}.fa-laravel:before{content:””}.fa-lastfm:before{content:””}.fa-lastfm-square:before{content:””}.fa-laugh:before{content:””}.fa-laugh-beam:before{content:””}.fa-laugh-squint:before{content:””}.fa-laugh-wink:before{content:””}.fa-layer-group:before{content:””}.fa-leaf:before{content:””}.fa-leanpub:before{content:””}.fa-lemon:before{content:””}.fa-less:before{content:””}.fa-less-than:before{content:””}.fa-less-than-equal:before{content:””}.fa-level-down-alt:before{content:””}.fa-level-up-alt:before{content:””}.fa-life-ring:before{content:””}.fa-lightbulb:before{content:””}.fa-line:before{content:””}.fa-link:before{content:””}.fa-linkedin:before{content:””}.fa-linkedin-in:before{content:””}.fa-linode:before{content:””}.fa-linux:before{content:””}.fa-lira-sign:before{content:””}.fa-list:before{content:””}.fa-list-alt:before{content:””}.fa-list-ol:before{content:””}.fa-list-ul:before{content:””}.fa-location-arrow:before{content:””}.fa-lock:before{content:””}.fa-lock-open:before{content:””}.fa-long-arrow-alt-down:before{content:””}.fa-long-arrow-alt-left:before{content:””}.fa-long-arrow-alt-right:before{content:””}.fa-long-arrow-alt-up:before{content:””}.fa-low-vision:before{content:””}.fa-luggage-cart:before{content:””}.fa-lyft:before{content:””}.fa-magento:before{content:””}.fa-magic:before{content:””}.fa-magnet:before{content:””}.fa-mail-bulk:before{content:””}.fa-mailchimp:before{content:””}.fa-male:before{content:””}.fa-mandalorian:before{content:””}.fa-map:before{content:””}.fa-map-marked:before{content:””}.fa-map-marked-alt:before{content:””}.fa-map-marker:before{content:””}.fa-map-marker-alt:before{content:””}.fa-map-pin:before{content:””}.fa-map-signs:before{content:””}.fa-markdown:before{content:””}.fa-marker:before{content:””}.fa-mars:before{content:””}.fa-mars-double:before{content:””}.fa-mars-stroke:before{content:””}.fa-mars-stroke-h:before{content:””}.fa-mars-stroke-v:before{content:””}.fa-mask:before{content:””}.fa-mastodon:before{content:””}.fa-maxcdn:before{content:””}.fa-medal:before{content:””}.fa-medapps:before{content:””}.fa-medium:before{content:””}.fa-medium-m:before{content:””}.fa-medkit:before{content:””}.fa-medrt:before{content:””}.fa-meetup:before{content:””}.fa-megaport:before{content:””}.fa-meh:before{content:””}.fa-meh-blank:before{content:””}.fa-meh-rolling-eyes:before{content:””}.fa-memory:before{content:””}.fa-menorah:before{content:””}.fa-mercury:before{content:””}.fa-meteor:before{content:””}.fa-microchip:before{content:””}.fa-microphone:before{content:””}.fa-microphone-alt:before{content:””}.fa-microphone-alt-slash:before{content:””}.fa-microphone-slash:before{content:””}.fa-microscope:before{content:””}.fa-microsoft:before{content:””}.fa-minus:before{content:””}.fa-minus-circle:before{content:””}.fa-minus-square:before{content:””}.fa-mix:before{content:””}.fa-mixcloud:before{content:””}.fa-mizuni:before{content:””}.fa-mobile:before{content:””}.fa-mobile-alt:before{content:””}.fa-modx:before{content:””}.fa-monero:before{content:””}.fa-money-bill:before{content:””}.fa-money-bill-alt:before{content:””}.fa-money-bill-wave:before{content:””}.fa-money-bill-wave-alt:before{content:””}.fa-money-check:before{content:””}.fa-money-check-alt:before{content:””}.fa-monument:before{content:””}.fa-moon:before{content:””}.fa-mortar-pestle:before{content:””}.fa-mosque:before{content:””}.fa-motorcycle:before{content:””}.fa-mountain:before{content:””}.fa-mouse-pointer:before{content:””}.fa-music:before{content:””}.fa-napster:before{content:””}.fa-neos:before{content:””}.fa-network-wired:before{content:””}.fa-neuter:before{content:””}.fa-newspaper:before{content:””}.fa-nimblr:before{content:””}.fa-nintendo-switch:before{content:””}.fa-node:before{content:””}.fa-node-js:before{content:””}.fa-not-equal:before{content:””}.fa-notes-medical:before{content:””}.fa-npm:before{content:””}.fa-ns8:before{content:””}.fa-nutritionix:before{content:””}.fa-object-group:before{content:””}.fa-object-ungroup:before{content:””}.fa-odnoklassniki:before{content:””}.fa-odnoklassniki-square:before{content:””}.fa-oil-can:before{content:””}.fa-old-republic:before{content:””}.fa-om:before{content:””}.fa-opencart:before{content:””}.fa-openid:before{content:””}.fa-opera:before{content:””}.fa-optin-monster:before{content:””}.fa-osi:before{content:””}.fa-otter:before{content:””}.fa-outdent:before{content:””}.fa-page4:before{content:””}.fa-pagelines:before{content:””}.fa-paint-brush:before{content:””}.fa-paint-roller:before{content:””}.fa-palette:before{content:””}.fa-palfed:before{content:””}.fa-pallet:before{content:””}.fa-paper-plane:before{content:””}.fa-paperclip:before{content:””}.fa-parachute-box:before{content:””}.fa-paragraph:before{content:””}.fa-parking:before{content:””}.fa-passport:before{content:””}.fa-pastafarianism:before{content:””}.fa-paste:before{content:””}.fa-patreon:before{content:””}.fa-pause:before{content:””}.fa-pause-circle:before{content:””}.fa-paw:before{content:””}.fa-paypal:before{content:””}.fa-peace:before{content:””}.fa-pen:before{content:””}.fa-pen-alt:before{content:””}.fa-pen-fancy:before{content:””}.fa-pen-nib:before{content:””}.fa-pen-square:before{content:””}.fa-pencil-alt:before{content:””}.fa-pencil-ruler:before{content:””}.fa-penny-arcade:before{content:””}.fa-people-carry:before{content:””}.fa-percent:before{content:””}.fa-percentage:before{content:””}.fa-periscope:before{content:””}.fa-person-booth:before{content:””}.fa-phabricator:before{content:””}.fa-phoenix-framework:before{content:””}.fa-phoenix-squadron:before{content:””}.fa-phone:before{content:””}.fa-phone-slash:before{content:””}.fa-phone-square:before{content:””}.fa-phone-volume:before{content:””}.fa-php:before{content:””}.fa-pied-piper:before{content:””}.fa-pied-piper-alt:before{content:””}.fa-pied-piper-hat:before{content:””}.fa-pied-piper-pp:before{content:””}.fa-piggy-bank:before{content:””}.fa-pills:before{content:””}.fa-pinterest:before{content:””}.fa-pinterest-p:before{content:””}.fa-pinterest-square:before{content:””}.fa-place-of-worship:before{content:””}.fa-plane:before{content:””}.fa-plane-arrival:before{content:””}.fa-plane-departure:before{content:””}.fa-play:before{content:””}.fa-play-circle:before{content:””}.fa-playstation:before{content:””}.fa-plug:before{content:””}.fa-plus:before{content:””}.fa-plus-circle:before{content:””}.fa-plus-square:before{content:””}.fa-podcast:before{content:””}.fa-poll:before{content:””}.fa-poll-h:before{content:””}.fa-poo:before{content:””}.fa-poo-storm:before{content:””}.fa-poop:before{content:””}.fa-portrait:before{content:””}.fa-pound-sign:before{content:””}.fa-power-off:before{content:””}.fa-pray:before{content:””}.fa-praying-hands:before{content:””}.fa-prescription:before{content:””}.fa-prescription-bottle:before{content:””}.fa-prescription-bottle-alt:before{content:””}.fa-print:before{content:””}.fa-procedures:before{content:””}.fa-product-hunt:before{content:””}.fa-project-diagram:before{content:””}.fa-pushed:before{content:””}.fa-puzzle-piece:before{content:””}.fa-python:before{content:””}.fa-qq:before{content:””}.fa-qrcode:before{content:””}.fa-question:before{content:””}.fa-question-circle:before{content:””}.fa-quidditch:before{content:””}.fa-quinscape:before{content:””}.fa-quora:before{content:””}.fa-quote-left:before{content:””}.fa-quote-right:before{content:””}.fa-quran:before{content:””}.fa-r-project:before{content:””}.fa-rainbow:before{content:””}.fa-random:before{content:””}.fa-ravelry:before{content:””}.fa-react:before{content:””}.fa-reacteurope:before{content:””}.fa-readme:before{content:””}.fa-rebel:before{content:””}.fa-receipt:before{content:””}.fa-recycle:before{content:””}.fa-red-river:before{content:””}.fa-reddit:before{content:””}.fa-reddit-alien:before{content:””}.fa-reddit-square:before{content:””}.fa-redo:before{content:””}.fa-redo-alt:before{content:””}.fa-registered:before{content:””}.fa-renren:before{content:””}.fa-reply:before{content:””}.fa-reply-all:before{content:””}.fa-replyd:before{content:””}.fa-republican:before{content:””}.fa-researchgate:before{content:””}.fa-resolving:before{content:””}.fa-retweet:before{content:””}.fa-rev:before{content:””}.fa-ribbon:before{content:””}.fa-ring:before{content:””}.fa-road:before{content:””}.fa-robot:before{content:””}.fa-rocket:before{content:””}.fa-rocketchat:before{content:””}.fa-rockrms:before{content:””}.fa-route:before{content:””}.fa-rss:before{content:””}.fa-rss-square:before{content:””}.fa-ruble-sign:before{content:””}.fa-ruler:before{content:””}.fa-ruler-combined:before{content:””}.fa-ruler-horizontal:before{content:””}.fa-ruler-vertical:before{content:””}.fa-running:before{content:””}.fa-rupee-sign:before{content:””}.fa-sad-cry:before{content:””}.fa-sad-tear:before{content:””}.fa-safari:before{content:””}.fa-sass:before{content:””}.fa-save:before{content:””}.fa-schlix:before{content:””}.fa-school:before{content:””}.fa-screwdriver:before{content:””}.fa-scribd:before{content:””}.fa-scroll:before{content:””}.fa-search:before{content:””}.fa-search-dollar:before{content:””}.fa-search-location:before{content:””}.fa-search-minus:before{content:””}.fa-search-plus:before{content:””}.fa-searchengin:before{content:””}.fa-seedling:before{content:””}.fa-sellcast:before{content:””}.fa-sellsy:before{content:””}.fa-server:before{content:””}.fa-servicestack:before{content:””}.fa-shapes:before{content:””}.fa-share:before{content:””}.fa-share-alt:before{content:””}.fa-share-alt-square:before{content:””}.fa-share-square:before{content:””}.fa-shekel-sign:before{content:””}.fa-shield-alt:before{content:””}.fa-ship:before{content:””}.fa-shipping-fast:before{content:””}.fa-shirtsinbulk:before{content:””}.fa-shoe-prints:before{content:””}.fa-shopping-bag:before{content:””}.fa-shopping-basket:before{content:””}.fa-shopping-cart:before{content:””}.fa-shopware:before{content:””}.fa-shower:before{content:””}.fa-shuttle-van:before{content:””}.fa-sign:before{content:””}.fa-sign-in-alt:before{content:””}.fa-sign-language:before{content:””}.fa-sign-out-alt:before{content:””}.fa-signal:before{content:””}.fa-signature:before{content:””}.fa-simplybuilt:before{content:””}.fa-sistrix:before{content:””}.fa-sitemap:before{content:””}.fa-sith:before{content:””}.fa-skull:before{content:””}.fa-skull-crossbones:before{content:””}.fa-skyatlas:before{content:””}.fa-skype:before{content:””}.fa-slack:before{content:””}.fa-slack-hash:before{content:””}.fa-slash:before{content:””}.fa-sliders-h:before{content:””}.fa-slideshare:before{content:””}.fa-smile:before{content:””}.fa-smile-beam:before{content:””}.fa-smile-wink:before{content:””}.fa-smog:before{content:””}.fa-smoking:before{content:””}.fa-smoking-ban:before{content:””}.fa-snapchat:before{content:””}.fa-snapchat-ghost:before{content:””}.fa-snapchat-square:before{content:””}.fa-snowflake:before{content:””}.fa-socks:before{content:””}.fa-solar-panel:before{content:””}.fa-sort:before{content:””}.fa-sort-alpha-down:before{content:””}.fa-sort-alpha-up:before{content:””}.fa-sort-amount-down:before{content:””}.fa-sort-amount-up:before{content:””}.fa-sort-down:before{content:””}.fa-sort-numeric-down:before{content:””}.fa-sort-numeric-up:before{content:””}.fa-sort-up:before{content:””}.fa-soundcloud:before{content:””}.fa-spa:before{content:””}.fa-space-shuttle:before{content:””}.fa-speakap:before{content:””}.fa-spider:before{content:””}.fa-spinner:before{content:””}.fa-splotch:before{content:””}.fa-spotify:before{content:””}.fa-spray-can:before{content:””}.fa-square:before{content:””}.fa-square-full:before{content:””}.fa-square-root-alt:before{content:””}.fa-squarespace:before{content:””}.fa-stack-exchange:before{content:””}.fa-stack-overflow:before{content:””}.fa-stamp:before{content:””}.fa-star:before{content:””}.fa-star-and-crescent:before{content:””}.fa-star-half:before{content:””}.fa-star-half-alt:before{content:””}.fa-star-of-david:before{content:””}.fa-star-of-life:before{content:””}.fa-staylinked:before{content:””}.fa-steam:before{content:””}.fa-steam-square:before{content:””}.fa-steam-symbol:before{content:””}.fa-step-backward:before{content:””}.fa-step-forward:before{content:””}.fa-stethoscope:before{content:””}.fa-sticker-mule:before{content:””}.fa-sticky-note:before{content:””}.fa-stop:before{content:””}.fa-stop-circle:before{content:””}.fa-stopwatch:before{content:””}.fa-store:before{content:””}.fa-store-alt:before{content:””}.fa-strava:before{content:””}.fa-stream:before{content:””}.fa-street-view:before{content:””}.fa-strikethrough:before{content:””}.fa-stripe:before{content:””}.fa-stripe-s:before{content:””}.fa-stroopwafel:before{content:””}.fa-studiovinari:before{content:””}.fa-stumbleupon:before{content:””}.fa-stumbleupon-circle:before{content:””}.fa-subscript:before{content:””}.fa-subway:before{content:””}.fa-suitcase:before{content:””}.fa-suitcase-rolling:before{content:””}.fa-sun:before{content:””}.fa-superpowers:before{content:””}.fa-superscript:before{content:””}.fa-supple:before{content:””}.fa-surprise:before{content:””}.fa-swatchbook:before{content:””}.fa-swimmer:before{content:””}.fa-swimming-pool:before{content:””}.fa-synagogue:before{content:””}.fa-sync:before{content:””}.fa-sync-alt:before{content:””}.fa-syringe:before{content:””}.fa-table:before{content:””}.fa-table-tennis:before{content:””}.fa-tablet:before{content:””}.fa-tablet-alt:before{content:””}.fa-tablets:before{content:””}.fa-tachometer-alt:before{content:””}.fa-tag:before{content:””}.fa-tags:before{content:””}.fa-tape:before{content:””}.fa-tasks:before{content:””}.fa-taxi:before{content:””}.fa-teamspeak:before{content:””}.fa-teeth:before{content:””}.fa-teeth-open:before{content:””}.fa-telegram:before{content:””}.fa-telegram-plane:before{content:””}.fa-temperature-high:before{content:””}.fa-temperature-low:before{content:””}.fa-tencent-weibo:before{content:””}.fa-terminal:before{content:””}.fa-text-height:before{content:””}.fa-text-width:before{content:””}.fa-th:before{content:””}.fa-th-large:before{content:””}.fa-th-list:before{content:””}.fa-the-red-yeti:before{content:””}.fa-theater-masks:before{content:””}.fa-themeco:before{content:””}.fa-themeisle:before{content:””}.fa-thermometer:before{content:””}.fa-thermometer-empty:before{content:””}.fa-thermometer-full:before{content:””}.fa-thermometer-half:before{content:””}.fa-thermometer-quarter:before{content:””}.fa-thermometer-three-quarters:before{content:””}.fa-think-peaks:before{content:””}.fa-thumbs-down:before{content:””}.fa-thumbs-up:before{content:””}.fa-thumbtack:before{content:””}.fa-ticket-alt:before{content:””}.fa-times:before{content:””}.fa-times-circle:before{content:””}.fa-tint:before{content:””}.fa-tint-slash:before{content:””}.fa-tired:before{content:””}.fa-toggle-off:before{content:””}.fa-toggle-on:before{content:””}.fa-toilet-paper:before{content:””}.fa-toolbox:before{content:””}.fa-tooth:before{content:””}.fa-torah:before{content:””}.fa-torii-gate:before{content:””}.fa-tractor:before{content:””}.fa-trade-federation:before{content:””}.fa-trademark:before{content:””}.fa-traffic-light:before{content:””}.fa-train:before{content:””}.fa-transgender:before{content:””}.fa-transgender-alt:before{content:””}.fa-trash:before{content:””}.fa-trash-alt:before{content:””}.fa-tree:before{content:””}.fa-trello:before{content:””}.fa-tripadvisor:before{content:””}.fa-trophy:before{content:””}.fa-truck:before{content:””}.fa-truck-loading:before{content:””}.fa-truck-monster:before{content:””}.fa-truck-moving:before{content:””}.fa-truck-pickup:before{content:””}.fa-tshirt:before{content:””}.fa-tty:before{content:””}.fa-tumblr:before{content:””}.fa-tumblr-square:before{content:””}.fa-tv:before{content:””}.fa-twitch:before{content:””}.fa-twitter:before{content:””}.fa-twitter-square:before{content:””}.fa-typo3:before{content:””}.fa-uber:before{content:””}.fa-uikit:before{content:””}.fa-umbrella:before{content:””}.fa-umbrella-beach:before{content:””}.fa-underline:before{content:””}.fa-undo:before{content:””}.fa-undo-alt:before{content:””}.fa-uniregistry:before{content:””}.fa-universal-access:before{content:””}.fa-university:before{content:””}.fa-unlink:before{content:””}.fa-unlock:before{content:””}.fa-unlock-alt:before{content:””}.fa-untappd:before{content:””}.fa-upload:before{content:””}.fa-usb:before{content:””}.fa-user:before{content:””}.fa-user-alt:before{content:””}.fa-user-alt-slash:before{content:””}.fa-user-astronaut:before{content:””}.fa-user-check:before{content:””}.fa-user-circle:before{content:””}.fa-user-clock:before{content:””}.fa-user-cog:before{content:””}.fa-user-edit:before{content:””}.fa-user-friends:before{content:””}.fa-user-graduate:before{content:””}.fa-user-injured:before{content:””}.fa-user-lock:before{content:””}.fa-user-md:before{content:””}.fa-user-minus:before{content:””}.fa-user-ninja:before{content:””}.fa-user-plus:before{content:””}.fa-user-secret:before{content:””}.fa-user-shield:before{content:””}.fa-user-slash:before{content:””}.fa-user-tag:before{content:””}.fa-user-tie:before{content:””}.fa-user-times:before{content:””}.fa-users:before{content:””}.fa-users-cog:before{content:””}.fa-ussunnah:before{content:””}.fa-utensil-spoon:before{content:””}.fa-utensils:before{content:””}.fa-vaadin:before{content:””}.fa-vector-square:before{content:””}.fa-venus:before{content:””}.fa-venus-double:before{content:””}.fa-venus-mars:before{content:””}.fa-viacoin:before{content:””}.fa-viadeo:before{content:””}.fa-viadeo-square:before{content:””}.fa-vial:before{content:””}.fa-vials:before{content:””}.fa-viber:before{content:””}.fa-video:before{content:””}.fa-video-slash:before{content:””}.fa-vihara:before{content:””}.fa-vimeo:before{content:””}.fa-vimeo-square:before{content:””}.fa-vimeo-v:before{content:””}.fa-vine:before{content:””}.fa-vk:before{content:””}.fa-vnv:before{content:””}.fa-volleyball-ball:before{content:””}.fa-volume-down:before{content:””}.fa-volume-mute:before{content:””}.fa-volume-off:before{content:””}.fa-volume-up:before{content:””}.fa-vote-yea:before{content:””}.fa-vr-cardboard:before{content:””}.fa-vuejs:before{content:””}.fa-walking:before{content:””}.fa-wallet:before{content:””}.fa-warehouse:before{content:””}.fa-water:before{content:””}.fa-weebly:before{content:””}.fa-weibo:before{content:””}.fa-weight:before{content:””}.fa-weight-hanging:before{content:””}.fa-weixin:before{content:””}.fa-whatsapp:before{content:””}.fa-whatsapp-square:before{content:””}.fa-wheelchair:before{content:””}.fa-whmcs:before{content:””}.fa-wifi:before{content:””}.fa-wikipedia-w:before{content:””}.fa-wind:before{content:””}.fa-window-close:before{content:””}.fa-window-maximize:before{content:””}.fa-window-minimize:before{content:””}.fa-window-restore:before{content:””}.fa-windows:before{content:””}.fa-wine-bottle:before{content:””}.fa-wine-glass:before{content:””}.fa-wine-glass-alt:before{content:””}.fa-wix:before{content:””}.fa-wizards-of-the-coast:before{content:””}.fa-wolf-pack-battalion:before{content:””}.fa-won-sign:before{content:””}.fa-wordpress:before{content:””}.fa-wordpress-simple:before{content:””}.fa-wpbeginner:before{content:””}.fa-wpexplorer:before{content:””}.fa-wpforms:before{content:””}.fa-wpressr:before{content:””}.fa-wrench:before{content:””}.fa-x-ray:before{content:””}.fa-xbox:before{content:””}.fa-xing:before{content:””}.fa-xing-square:before{content:””}.fa-y-combinator:before{content:””}.fa-yahoo:before{content:””}.fa-yandex:before{content:””}.fa-yandex-international:before{content:””}.fa-yelp:before{content:””}.fa-yen-sign:before{content:””}.fa-yin-yang:before{content:””}.fa-yoast:before{content:””}.fa-youtube:before{content:””}.fa-youtube-square:before{content:””}.fa-zhihu:before{content:””}.sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.sr-only-focusable:active,.sr-only-focusable:focus{clip:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:static;width:auto}/!
• Font Awesome Free 5.5.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com
• License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) /@font-face{font-family:’Font Awesome 5 Free’;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;src:url(“../fonts/fa-solid-900.eot”);src:url(“../fonts/fa-solid-900.eot?#iefix”) format(“embedded-opentype”),url(“../fonts/fa-solid-900.woff2”) format(“woff2”),url(“../fonts/fa-solid-900.woff”) format(“woff”),url(“../fonts/fa-solid-900.ttf”) format(“truetype”),url(“../fonts/fa-solid-900.svg#fontawesome”) format(“svg”)}.fa,.fas{font-family:’Font Awesome 5 Free’;font-weight:900}/!
• Font Awesome Free 5.5.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com
• License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) */@font-face{font-family:’Font Awesome 5 Brands’;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;src:url(“../fonts/fa-brands-400.eot”);src:url(“../fonts/fa-brands-400.eot?#iefix”) format(“embedded-opentype”),url(“../fonts/fa-brands-400.woff2”) format(“woff2”),url(“../fonts/fa-brands-400.woff”) format(“woff”),url(“../fonts/fa-brands-400.ttf”) format(“truetype”),url(“../fonts/fa-brands-400.svg#fontawesome”) format(“svg”)}.fab{font-family:’Font Awesome 5 Brands’}.mfp-counter{font-family:Georgia,Times,serif}.mfp-bg{top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1042;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;background:#000;opacity:.8;filter:alpha(opacity=80)}.mfp-wrap{top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1043;position:fixed;outline:none !important;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden}.mfp-container{text-align:center;position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;padding:0 8px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.mfp-container:before{content:’‘;display:inline-block;height:100%;vertical-align:middle}.mfp-align-top .mfp-container:before{display:none}.mfp-content{position:relative;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0 auto;text-align:left;z-index:1045}.mfp-inline-holder .mfp-content,.mfp-ajax-holder .mfp-content{width:100%;cursor:auto}.mfp-ajax-cur{cursor:progress}.mfp-zoom-out-cur,.mfp-zoom-out-cur .mfp-image-holder .mfp-close{cursor:-moz-zoom-out;cursor:-webkit-zoom-out;cursor:zoom-out}.mfp-zoom{cursor:pointer;cursor:-webkit-zoom-in;cursor:-moz-zoom-in;cursor:zoom-in}.mfp-auto-cursor .mfp-content{cursor:auto}.mfp-close,.mfp-arrow,.mfp-preloader,.mfp-counter{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none}.mfp-loading.mfp-figure{display:none}.mfp-hide{display:none !important}.mfp-preloader{color:#ccc;position:absolute;top:50%;width:auto;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.8em;left:8px;right:8px;z-index:1044}.mfp-preloader a{color:#ccc}.mfp-preloader a:hover{color:#fff}.mfp-s-ready .mfp-preloader{display:none}.mfp-s-error .mfp-content{display:none}button.mfp-close,button.mfp-arrow{overflow:visible;cursor:pointer;background:transparent;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none;display:block;outline:none;padding:0;z-index:1046;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}.mfp-close{width:44px;height:44px;line-height:44px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;text-decoration:none;text-align:center;opacity:1;filter:alpha(opacity=100);padding:0 0 18px 10px;color:#fff;font-style:normal;font-size:28px;font-family:Georgia,Times,serif}.mfp-close:hover,.mfp-close:focus{opacity:1;filter:alpha(opacity=100)}.mfp-close:active{top:1px}.mfp-close-btn-in .mfp-close{color:#fff}.mfp-image-holder .mfp-close,.mfp-iframe-holder .mfp-close{color:#fff;right:-6px;text-align:right;padding-right:6px;width:100%}.mfp-counter{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;color:#ccc;font-size:12px;line-height:18px}.mfp-arrow{position:absolute;opacity:1;filter:alpha(opacity=100);margin:0;top:50%;margin-top:-55px;padding:0;width:90px;height:110px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}.mfp-arrow:active{margin-top:-54px}.mfp-arrow:hover,.mfp-arrow:focus{opacity:1;filter:alpha(opacity=100)}.mfp-arrow:before,.mfp-arrow:after,.mfp-arrow .mfp-b,.mfp-arrow .mfp-a{content:’‘;display:block;width:0;height:0;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-top:35px;margin-left:35px;border:medium inset transparent}.mfp-arrow:after,.mfp-arrow .mfp-a{border-top-width:13px;border-bottom-width:13px;top:8px}.mfp-arrow:before,.mfp-arrow .mfp-b{border-top-width:21px;border-bottom-width:21px;opacity:0.7}.mfp-arrow-left{left:0}.mfp-arrow-left:after,.mfp-arrow-left .mfp-a{border-right:17px solid #fff;margin-left:31px}.mfp-arrow-left:before,.mfp-arrow-left .mfp-b{margin-left:25px;border-right:27px solid #fff}.mfp-arrow-right{right:0}.mfp-arrow-right:after,.mfp-arrow-right .mfp-a{border-left:17px solid #fff;margin-left:39px}.mfp-arrow-right:before,.mfp-arrow-right .mfp-b{border-left:27px solid #fff}.mfp-iframe-holder{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px}.mfp-iframe-holder .mfp-content{line-height:0;width:100%;max-width:900px}.mfp-iframe-holder .mfp-close{top:-40px}.mfp-iframe-scaler{width:100%;height:0;overflow:hidden;padding-top:56.25%}.mfp-iframe-scaler iframe{position:absolute;display:block;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;box-shadow:0 0 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.6);background:#000}img.mfp-img{width:auto;max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block;line-height:0;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;padding:40px 0 40px;margin:0 auto}.mfp-figure{line-height:0}.mfp-figure:after{content:’‘;position:absolute;left:0;top:40px;bottom:40px;display:block;right:0;width:auto;height:auto;z-index:-1;box-shadow:0 0 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.6);background:#444}.mfp-figure small{color:#bdbdbd;display:block;font-size:12px;line-height:14px}.mfp-figure figure{margin:0}.mfp-figure figcaption{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mfp-bottom-bar{margin-top:-36px;position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;width:100%;cursor:auto}.mfp-title{text-align:left;line-height:18px;color:#f3f3f3;word-wrap:break-word;padding-right:36px}.mfp-image-holder .mfp-content{max-width:100%}.mfp-gallery .mfp-image-holder .mfp-figure{cursor:pointer}@media screen and (max-width: 800px) and (orientation: landscape), screen and (max-height: 300px){.mfp-img-mobile .mfp-image-holder{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.mfp-img-mobile img.mfp-img{padding:0}.mfp-img-mobile .mfp-figure:after{top:0;bottom:0}.mfp-img-mobile .mfp-figure small{display:inline;margin-left:5px}.mfp-img-mobile .mfp-bottom-bar{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.6);bottom:0;margin:0;top:auto;padding:3px 5px;position:fixed;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.mfp-img-mobile .mfp-bottom-bar:empty{padding:0}.mfp-img-mobile .mfp-counter{right:5px;top:3px}.mfp-img-mobile .mfp-close{top:0;right:0;width:35px;height:35px;line-height:35px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.6);position:fixed;text-align:center;padding:0}}@media all and (max-width: 900px){.mfp-arrow{-webkit-transform:scale(0.75);transform:scale(0.75)}.mfp-arrow-left{-webkit-transform-origin:0;transform-origin:0}.mfp-arrow-right{-webkit-transform-origin:100%;transform-origin:100%}.mfp-container{padding-left:6px;padding-right:6px}}.mfp-ie7 .mfp-img{padding:0}.mfp-ie7 .mfp-bottom-bar{width:600px;left:50%;margin-left:-300px;margin-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px}.mfp-ie7 .mfp-container{padding:0}.mfp-ie7 .mfp-content{padding-top:44px}.mfp-ie7 .mfp-close{top:0;right:0;padding-top:0}@media print{.masthead,.toc,.page__share,.page__related,.ads,.page__footer{display:none}}

Markdown

Locations of key files/directories

• Basic config options: _config.yml
• Top navigation bar config: _data/navigation.yml
• Single pages: _pages/
• Collections of pages are .md or .html files in:
  • _publications/
  • _portfolio/
  • _posts/
  • _teaching/
  • _talks/
• Footer: _includes/footer.html
• Static files (like PDFs): /files/
• Profile image (can set in _config.yml): images/profile.png

Tips and hints

• Name a file “.md” to have it render in markdown, name it “.html” to render in HTML.
• Go to the commit list (on your repo) to find the last version Github built with Jekyll.
  • Green check: successful build
  • Orange circle: building
  • Red X: error
  • No icon: not built

Resources

• Liquid syntax guide

Markdown guide

Header three

Header four

Header five

Header six

Blockquotes

Single line blockquote:

Quotes are cool.

Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Definition Lists

Definition List Title

Definition list division.

Startup

A startup company or startup is a company or temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model.

#dowork

Coined by Rob Dyrdek and his personal body guard Christopher “Big Black” Boykins, “Do Work” works as a self motivator, to motivating your friends.

Do It Live

I’ll let Bill O’Reilly explain this one.

Unordered Lists (Nested)

• List item one
  • List item one
    • List item one
    • List item two
    • List item three
    • List item four
  • List item two
  • List item three
  • List item four
• List item two
• List item three
• List item four

Ordered List (Nested)

1. List item one
   1. List item one
      1. List item one
      2. List item two
      3. List item three
      4. List item four
   2. List item two
   3. List item three
   4. List item four
2. List item two
3. List item three
4. List item four

Buttons

Make any link standout more when applying the .btn class.

Notices

Watch out! You can also add notices by appending {: .notice} to a paragraph.

HTML Tags

Address Tag

Anchor Tag (aka. Link)

This is an example of a link.

Abbreviation Tag

The abbreviation CSS stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.

Cite Tag

“Code is poetry.” —Automattic

Code Tag

You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word; will be your best friend.

Strike Tag

This tag will let you strikeout text.

Emphasize Tag

The emphasize tag should italicize text.

Insert Tag

This tag should denote inserted text.

Keyboard Tag

This scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the <code> tag.

Preformatted Tag

This tag styles large blocks of code.

.post-title {
  margin: 0 0 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 38px;
  line-height: 1.2;
  and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;
}

Quote Tag

Developers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer

Strong Tag

This tag shows bold text.

Subscript Tag

Getting our science styling on with H₂O, which should push the “2” down.

Superscript Tag

Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton’s E = MC², which should lift the 2 up.

Variable Tag

This allows you to denote variables.

Page not in menu

This is a page not in th emain menu

Page Archive

{% include base_path %} {% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Portfolio

{% include base_path %}

{% for post in site.portfolio %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Publications

{% if site.author.googlescholar %} You can also find my articles on my Google Scholar profile. {% endif %}

{% include base_path %}

{% if site.publication_category %} {% for category in site.publication_category %} {% assign title_shown = false %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% if post.category != category[0] %} {% continue %} {% endif %} {% unless title_shown %} <h2>{{ category[1].title }}</h2><hr /> {% assign title_shown = true %} {% endunless %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %} {% else %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endif %}

Sitemap

{% include base_path %}

A list of all the posts and pages found on the site. For you robots out there is an XML version available for digesting as well.

Pages

{% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Posts

{% for post in site.posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

{% capture written_label %}’None’{% endcapture %}

{% for collection in site.collections %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% capture label %}{{ collection.label }}{% endcapture %} {% if label != written_label %}

{{ label }}

{% capture written_label %}{{ label }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% endunless %} {% for post in collection.docs %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == “posts” %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endunless %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

Posts by Tags

{% include base_path %} {% include group-by-array collection=site.posts field=”tags” %}

{% for tag in group_names %} {% assign posts = group_items[forloop.index0] %}

{{ tag }}

{% for post in posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}

Talk map

This map is generated from a Jupyter Notebook file in /_talks/talkmap.ipynb, which mines the location fields in the .md files in _talks/.

Talks and presentations

{% if site.talkmap_link == true %}

See a map of all the places I've given a talk!

{% endif %}

{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk.html %} {% endfor %}

Teaching

{% include base_path %}

{% for post in site.teaching reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

Terms and Privacy Policy

{% include base_path %} {% include toc %}

Privacy Policy

The privacy of my visitors is extremely important. This Privacy Policy outlines the types of personal information that is received and collected and how it is used.

First and foremost, I will never share your email address or any other personal information to anyone without your direct consent.

Log Files

Like many other websites, this site uses log files to help learn about when, from where, and how often traffic flows to this site. The information in these log files include:

• Internet Protocol addresses (IP)
• Types of browser
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Date and time stamp
• Referring and exit pages
• Number of clicks

All of this information is not linked to anything that is personally identifiable.

Cookies and Web Beacons

When you visit this site “convenience” cookies are stored on your computer when you submit a comment to help you log in faster to Disqus the next time you leave a comment.

Third-party advertisers may also place and read cookies on your browser and/or use web beacons to collect information. This site has no access or control over these cookies. You should review the respective privacy policies on any and all third-party ad servers for more information regarding their practices and how to opt-out.

If you wish to disable cookies, you may do so through your web browser options. Instructions for doing so can be found on the specific web browsers’ websites.

Google Analytics

Google Analytics is a web analytics tool I use to help understand how visitors engage with this website. It reports website trends using cookies and web beacons without identifying individual visitors. You can read Google Analytics Privacy Policy.

Blog posts

{% include base_path %} {% capture written_year %}’None’{% endcapture %} {% for post in site.posts %} {% capture year %}{{ post.date | date: ‘%Y’ }}{% endcapture %} {% if year != written_year %} <h2 id="{{ year | slugify }}" class="archive__subtitle">{{ year }}</h2> {% capture written_year %}{{ year }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}

@import “jekyll-theme-primer”;

{“/about/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/”,”/about.html”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/”,”/wordpress/cv/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/cv/”,”/md/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/markdown/”,”/markdown.html”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/markdown/”,”/nmp/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/non-menu-page/”,”/nmp.html”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/non-menu-page/”,”/wordpress/blog-posts/”:”https://eweisbrod.github.io/year-archive/”}

Jupyter notebook markdown generator

Jupyter notebook markdown generator

These .ipynb files are Jupyter notebook files that convert a TSV containing structured data about talks (talks.tsv) or presentations (presentations.tsv) into individual markdown files that will be properly formatted for the academicpages template. The notebooks contain a lot of documentation about the process. The .py files are pure python that do the same things if they are executed in a terminal, they just don’t have pretty documentation.

<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> {% if page.xsl %}<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/xsl” href=”{{ “/sitemap.xsl” | absolute_url }}”?> {% endif %} {% assign collections = site.collections | where_exp:'collection','collection.output != false' %}{% for collection in collections %}{% assign docs = collection.docs | where_exp:'doc','doc.sitemap != false' %}{% for doc in docs %}

{% if doc.last_modified_at or doc.date %}{{ doc.last_modified_at | default: doc.date | date_to_xmlschema }} {% endif %}</url> {% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% assign pages = site.html_pages | where_exp:’doc’,’doc.sitemap != false’ | where_exp:’doc’,’doc.url != “/404.html”’ %}{% for page in pages %}

{% if page.last_modified_at %}{{ page.last_modified_at | date_to_xmlschema }} {% endif %}</url> {% endfor %}{% assign static_files = page.static_files | where_exp:’page’,’page.sitemap != false’ | where_exp:’page’,’page.name != “404.html”’ %}{% for file in static_files %}

</url> {% endfor %}</urlset>

Portfolio item number 1

Short description of portfolio item number 1

Portfolio item number 2

Short description of portfolio item number 2

Forecasting Earnings Using k-Nearest Neighbors

Published in The Accounting Review, 2024

Abstract:

We use a simple k-nearest neighbors algorithm (hereafter, k-NN) to forecast earnings. k-NN forecasts of one-, two-, and three-year-ahead earnings are more accurate than those generated by popular extant forecasting approaches. k-NN* forecasts of two- and three-year (one-year)-ahead EPS and aggregate three-year EPS are more (less) accurate than those generated by analysts. The association between the unexpected earnings implied by k-NN* and the contemporaneous market-adjusted return (i.e., the earnings association coefficient (EAC)) is positive and exceeds the EAC on unexpected earnings implied by alternate approaches. A trading strategy that is long (short) firms for which k-NN* predicts positive (negative) earnings growth earns positive risk-adjusted returns that exceed those earned by similar trading strategies that are based on alternate forecasts. The k-NN* algorithm generates an empirically reliable ex ante indicator of forecast accuracy that identifies situations when the k-NN* EAC is larger and the k-NN* trading strategy is more profitable.

Recommended citation:

Peter D. Easton, Martin M. Kapons, Steven J. Monahan, Harm H. Schütt, Eric H. Weisbrod; Forecasting Earnings Using k-Nearest Neighbors. The Accounting Review 1 May 2024; 99 (3): 115–140. https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2021-0478

Download here

The Roles of Data Providers and Analysts in the Production, Dissemination, and Pricing of Street Earnings

Published in Journal of Accounting Research, 2022

Abstract:

In September 2009, Thomson Reuters (TR) discontinued its practice of relying on analysts to determine the treatment of unexpected charges and gains in favor of their immediate exclusion from GAAP earnings. Adopting a difference-in-differences approach, we show that this plausibly exogenous change in TR’s methodology resulted in street earnings that are more predictive of future performance; and timelier, more accurate, and less dispersed analyst forecasts of future earnings, consistent with TR enhancing the properties of street earnings and analyst forecasts. Finally, using path analysis we show that a significant portion of TR’s effect on price discovery is through its effect on analysts; and that the change in TR’s treatment of unexpected items increased (decreased) the relative influence of TR (analysts) on the pricing of street earnings. We conclude that forecast data providers like TR are more than a conduit of information from analysts to investors.

Recommended citation:

BOCHKAY, K., MARKOV, S., SUBASI, M. and WEISBROD, E. (2022), The Roles of Data Providers and Analysts in the Production, Dissemination, and Pricing of Street Earnings. Journal of Accounting Research, 60: 1695-1740. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12457

Download here

Stockholders’ Unrealized Returns and the Market Reaction to Financial Disclosures

Published in Journal of Finance, 2019

Abstract:

Using both investor- and stock-level data, I examine the relation between stockholders’ unrealized returns since purchase and the market response to earnings announcements. I demonstrate that stockholders’ unrealized gain/loss position moderates their trading behavior in response to earnings announcements. I also find that this behavior generates a short-window return underreaction to earnings news. My results are generally consistent with predictions from prospect theory regarding the manner in which stockholders’ unrealized returns moderate their trading response to belief shocks. However, my results also suggest that an emotional component (i.e., regret-avoidance/pride-seeking) is necessary to explain the observed investor behavior.

Recommended citation:

WEISBROD, E. (2019), Stockholders’ Unrealized Returns and the Market Reaction to Financial Disclosures. The Journal of Finance, 74: 899-942. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12743

Download here

Joint Audit Engagements and Client Tax Avoidance: Evidence from the Italian Statutory Audit Regime

Published in Journal of the American Taxation Association, 2019

Abstract: Under the Italian statutory audit regime, three individual accountants are jointly appointed to audit each client’s annual financial statements and sign off on the tax return. These individuals can belong to the same or different accounting firms and through multiple and repeated collaborations they form a professional network. We use network measures of centrality to capture individuals’ ability to acquire and apply tax expertise across clients. We demonstrate that clients engaging better-connected individual auditors have comparatively lower effective tax rates. Our results are robust to controlling for a number of client, individual, and accounting firm characteristics, as well as for alternative network connections between clients. We also use instrumental variables, individual fixed effects, and matching to mitigate the effect of endogenous pairing of clients and auditors. Our findings demonstrate that in a joint audit environment, individual auditor professional networks have consequences for tax outcomes.

Recommended citation:

Pietro A. Bianchi, Diana Falsetta, Miguel Minutti-Meza, Eric Weisbrod; Joint Audit Engagements and Client Tax Avoidance: Evidence from the Italian Statutory Audit Regime. Journal of the American Taxation Association 1 March 2019; 41 (1): 31–58. https://doi.org/10.2308/atax-52151

Download here

Determinants and Consequences of Information Processing Delay: Evidence from Thomson Reuters’ Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System

Published in Journal of Financial Economics, 2018

Abstract: We present new evidence that highlights the role of information intermediaries in the distribution and processing of earnings estimates in capital markets. We find that the time taken to activate an analyst’s earnings forecast in the Thomson Reuters Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System is related to measures of investor demand for timely information processing, processing difficulty, and limited attention. Furthermore, we find that forecast announcement returns are muted and post-announcement drift is magnified for forecasts with longer unexpected activation delay and that market inefficiency is concentrated in neglected stocks and potentially exploitable. Finally, analyzing intraday returns, we find that activations facilitate price discovery.

Recommended citation:

Akbas, F., S. Markov, M. Subasi, and E. Weisbrod, 2018. Determinants and Consequences of Information Processing Delay: Evidence from Thomson Reuters’ Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System. Journal of Financial Economics, 127: 366-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.11.005

Download here

The Information Content of Tax Expense for Firms Reporting Losses

Published in Journal of Accounting Research, 2013

Abstract: We investigate whether management’s decision regarding the recognition of the valuation allowance (VA) for deferred tax assets provides incremental information about the persistence of accounting losses. We introduce a classification scheme that assigns loss firm-years into three categories based on whether management appears to have recognized a material change in the VA, and whether or not the firm has positive taxable income (e.g., a net operating loss). The results of our study show that our tax categories contain information about the persistence of accounting losses over the following three years beyond variables previously identified to predict loss persistence. This incremental information is consistent with management using private information about the firm’s future prospects in setting the VA. Finally, we find that investors’ pricing of the VA varies with the saliency of the tax signal and the information environment of the firm.

Recommended citation: DHALIWAL, D.S., KAPLAN, S.E., LAUX, R.C. and WEISBROD, E. (2013), The Information Content of Tax Expense for Firms Reporting Losses. Journal of Accounting Research, 51: 135-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2012.00466.x

Download here

The role of affect and tolerance of ambiguity in ethical decision making

Published in Advances in Accounting, 2009

Abstract:

This research note extends the research on ethical decision making in accounting by examining the effect of two variables, affect and tolerance of ambiguity, on ethics-related decisions made in two contexts: both personal and organizational settings. I conduct an experimental study among undergraduate accounting students and find that tolerance of ambiguity significantly influences ethical decisions in both personal and organizational settings. The results also reveal a significant interactive effect between negative affect and tolerance of ambiguity.

Recommended citation:

Weisbrod, E., 2009. The role of affect and tolerance of ambiguity in ethical decision making. Advances in Accounting, 25(1), pp.57-63.

Download here